词法(名词、限定词).doc

ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR1. Why?A. Grammar Rules vs. Grammar CompetenceB. Three LevelsC. Speaking vs. Interpreting; Writing vs. Translation2. What? (Course Syllabus)A. I have been coming Beijing for fourteen years.B. 男孩：请问你在哪儿学的轮滑呢？女孩：就在这儿（公园）， 今天我是第二次滑。男孩：我今天第一滑。你能不能给我指点指点呢？女孩：当然可以，跟着我滑吧。（过了一会儿）男孩：哇塞，滑冰太有意思了，谢谢你教我！C. 我已经结婚了，去年结婚的，到现在结婚有一年多了。D. He is interesting to listen to.3. How? A. Think much, practice much.B. Comparative Study. Interpretation and Translation (mainly C-E)C. Error AnalysisWeekBreakdowns1Prospectus2Noun (n.): number, case3Determiner (det.): Article (art.) and Pronoun (pron.)4Figures and Quantifiers5Adjectives and Adverbs6Preposition7Conjunctions and Interjection9Notional Verb and Auxiliary Verb10Modal Verb11Subjunctive Mood12Tense and Aspect13voice14Non-finite Forms: Infinitive, Gerund, Participle15Word Building16Final Exam* Changes available* Evaluation: Attendance, Participation, Assignment, code of conductNOUNS1. FamilyMeaningExamplesTipsProper Nouns.CapitalizationCommon Nouns【C】Individual.注意个体名词抽象化Collectiveteam, police, family, committee, bacteria, the 注意单形复义【U】Masspaper, machinery, poetry, scenery, character, money,区分总称概念和具体概念Abstract.注意抽象名词具体化2. Uncountable Nouns 3. Relativity between 【C】and 【U】Eating for EnergyDo you know anything about this food (1) pyramid? What does it show?Many professional sports teams have recently added a new member to their organizationa nutritionist. Thats because athletes have become aware that food (2) affects performance. You dont have to be an athlete to notice this effect. If youve ever skipped breakfast and then tried to clean the house, you know that you need food for energy. Here are some tips about eating to increase your physical performance:Eat enough food (3). Your body needs a certain number of calories each day. If youre too thin, youll often feel tried and youll be more likely to get sick.Read the labels on food (4) products. This information will tell you how nutritious the foods (5) are.Avoid eating foods (6) that are high in simple carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Use the food (7) pyramid to help you decide how much to eat of each type of food (8). Complex carbohydrates provide the body with “fuel”. They are found in fruits and vegetables, and in bread, rice, pasta, and other foods (9) made from grains. The body uses protein to build muscles, and it uses fat to absorb the vitamins in food (10). Protein and fat are found in foods (11) like milk, cheese, meat, fish, and eggs. Too much fat, however, can be harmful.4. Single or PluralA. “二合一”： scissors, scales天平（scale 称），shorts, pajamas(睡衣有很多种，这里指分体式)B. “单形复义”people, cattle, police, poultry, livestockC. “the+形容词”the rich, the poorD. 单复数同形:sheep, deer, quail, salmon, cod, 国籍名称E. 没有形式变化的三类：Music（【U】单数）, People（单形复义）, Sheep（可单可复）F. 有新义的复数名词 arm/arms, damage/damages, letter/letters, spirit/spirits, line/lines5. Possessive CaseLogics Links所属，主谓，动宾，同位Interpretation Practice1. 我很高兴他的家人在这里。2. 翻译系的教师队伍很优秀。3. 细菌常常是引起疾病的原因。4. 劳驾，两份草莓冰激凌，三杯啤酒，一杯咖啡。5. 她有足够的钱过舒服日子。6对她年迈的父亲来说，她是一种安慰。7她老得腰都弯了。8我打算去理发店。9他得去他姐姐家吃晚饭。10We had a 180-course dinner with expensive things like birds nest soup and sharks fins.11. The boys punishment was doubted.12Americas invasion of Iraq was criticized by the public.13. The shooting of the rebels ATICLES1三还是四个冠词a, an, the , the i2._ SOS sign, _ L letter in the word “letter”, the MP, 强调3泛指的表达模式A. 零冠词 + 【U】B.零冠词 + 【C】pl., C.零冠词+ man “人类”而不是“男人”时，相当于mankind, 不用冠词Since time began, man has lived in fear of fire.Man is a social animal.D. a/an + 【C】s.E. the + 国籍， the + 形容词the + 【C】s. 正式文雅Man: The president is too powerful.Woman:Which president?Man:No, I mean presidents in general.4Situational/Cultural Reference Andy Lau, the /a famous Chinese actorKaren Mok, Jacky Cheung, Jackie Chan, Eason Chan, Tony leung, Kelly Chan, Nicholas Tse, Cecilia CheungI live in Rome, not the Rome, but a little village in Wales.5.a/an 与【U】A.表一类， a cheeseB.对于饮料类， 表“一杯”C.词义发生改变 a glass, an iron 6. 用还是不用the，意义很不同In office / in the office, behind time/ behind the time(s), in red/ in the redby day/by the day, out of question/out of the question, men of age /men of an age日期A. 那真是倒霉的一周，对吧？你还记得吗？B. 当然记得，那周周一下大雪，周四又发洪水！7 零冠词A.头衔、球类、棋类B.特殊名词不用冠词In nature, in society, in space, man, in historyC. 四季、昼夜 （at, by, after, before）D. 交通，通迅工具E. 平行结构Interpretation Practice1. 我要一斤。2. 离这儿只有0.25英里。3. 孩子需要爱。4. 诚实的人不撒谎。5. 不久，他将加入失业大军。6. 他从不羡慕富人。7. 人类必须停止污染大气层。8. 他很讨厌严寒的天气。9. 她表示出一种优雅的风度。10. 他得准备上大学。11. 现在睡觉太早了一点儿。12. 什么时候开始做礼拜？13. 拂晓时，进攻开始了。14. 天亮时，我们起程了。15. 日出时，我们离开的了家。16. 太阳落山后，天很快就黑了。17. 母子平安。18. 不管是在城镇和乡村，中国在过去的三十年发生了很大的变化。19. 8点上课。20. 你住了多久的院？PRONOUNS1. 概念辨析：代词Pronouns vs. 限定词2. 人称代词（Personal Pronouns）A. She 的扩展用法：船只，车辆；国家B. we, you, they 虽可泛指，但是与中文思维不同1949年，我们在天安门广场升起了第一面五星红旗（为什么不能用we）3.物主代词Possessive Pronouns（省）4.自身代词（Self Pronouns）A.作表语的用法这几个星期我身体一直欠佳。现在我身体已经复原了。B成语用法by/for/in/to oneself这本小说本身就是一部历史。他们本身都是好人，但他们也得谋生。5相互代词（Reciprocal Pronouns）分开的用法我们都知道彼此的想法。他们争着多干活。6. 指示代词（Demonstrative Pronouns）A. that 翻成“这”的情况Thank you. That will do.B. this 和that 指人的用法（电话英语）C. 与of短语连用表达情感色彩表达（与中文类似）我讨厌你的那辆破车。你的这女儿作文写得可好了！D. this day week, these daysE. 重视替代，避免重复（中文较少替代概念）他讲的故事比我讲的故事有趣。我提的问题和刚才那位同学提的差不多。7. 疑问代词（Interrogative Pronouns）A. Whose作定语以外的用法Whose is better, yours or hers？B. What 作表语的用法Whats your sister?8. 连接代词Conjunctive Pronouns(主要在从句中讲)A. 引导不定式，多作宾语我不知道该邀请谁。我们必须决定怎么处理它。她不能决定该买哪一个。9. 关系代词（Relative Pronouns）(主要在定语从句中讲)10. 不定代词（Indefinite Pronouns）A. 两类（body, one, thing 的合成词）， 限定词：all, another, any, both, each, either, few, little, many, much, neither, none, other, someB. some, any, no 可数和不可数均可修饰或指代Some French wine is quite sweet她那天晚上没看书。Csome，any, no 的特殊用法(感情色彩)你信封上难道没贴邮票？找个口译来。甲：我那件新衣服已经掉了两颗扣子了！乙：什么便宜货！甲：他答应帮我这个忙，可他就是没有出现。乙：这叫什么朋友！他发现这个不是一个轻松的工作。他又不是傻瓜。D.many, much, few, little (几乎否定的概念与感情色彩的表达)现在几乎没有什么地方没有麦当劳！他犯的错可真不少！我们的学校的女生不是一般得多！Only a = very 11. all, each, noneA.“万能的”all, 接【C】s. pl. ; 【U】，感情色彩一切希望都破灭了。他丢了所有的钱。雨下了一整天。B.all与名词一道作表语，表达感情色彩。老师非常和蔼。C.none有时指不可数的东西她完全没有她妈妈的那种自私。她丝毫没有失去对他的吸引力。12another/ other/ othersA.与数的搭配another + 数字+复数名词= 数词+ more+ 复数名