新编研究生英语综合教程(上册).docx

新编研究生英语综合教程（上册）翻译Unit 1:1.英译汉Cases of misconduct are not simple matters to evaluate. One source of concern is confusion within the field of science about just what constitutes a punishable infringement of ethical standards. In the fields of engineering, law, and medicine, clear written guidelines exist for defining ethical conduct.学术不端并不是能够简单评价的问题。其中一个重要问题是，在科学领域里，对于什么样的行为有违伦理规范，应当受到惩罚，仍然模棱两可。工程，法律，和医学领域对道德行为的定义有明确的书面指导原则。Although some particularly difficult cases may test the limits of these guidelines, most do not. In scientific research, a written code of conduct is not available. The federal government and individual institutions have been struggling to clarify the standards under which misconduct can be adjudicated.虽然某些特别复杂的案例会挑战这些原则的底线，但多数原则具有指导意义。科学研究也并不提供书面的行为准则。联邦政府和私人机构一直试图阐明学术不端行为的裁定标准，比如一些描述科研不端行为的核心定义，包括编造，篡改和等等。The central definitions that delineate misconduct in science include fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. However, these are confused by other less clear categories of misconduct, which include “other questionable behavior” or“other misconduct.” Within this confusion of definitions it is not always obvious to students or faculty where and toward whom their obligations lie.然而这些行为容易与包含“可疑行为”在内的其他不太确定的类别相互混淆。这些混淆的定义让学生和教职人员也不是很清楚他们到底承担哪些责任和义务？2.汉译英研究者应告诉所有参加研究的被试有关研究的一切特点和细节，尽管这样做也许会影响被试参加实验的意愿，但还是应该这样做。研究者应对被试提出关于实验的各种问题给予解释和回答。Researchers should tell every participant about all the characteristics and details of the study, though such an act may affect the willingness of subjects. Researchers should also try to answer or explain any question about the experiment from subjects.坦率和诚恳应当是研究者和被试之间关系的基本点。当研究出于方法上的需要不得不向被试隐瞒或欺骗时，研究者必须设法让被试理解这样做的理由，并力求回复两者之间原有的关系。Frankness and sincerity are supposed to be essential to the relationship between researchers and subjects. When researchers have to hide from or deceive subjects for methodological reasons, they need to have subjects understand the reasons for doing so and try to recover their original relationships. 研究者应尊重被试在研究中任何时候自由提出拒绝参加或终止实验的要求，特别是当研究者的权力高于被试时，更需要注意这一点。Researchers should respect the subjects rights and freedom to refuse or terminate their participation in the study at any time. This point is even more salient when researchers have higher power-relationship than subjects. 有关实验步骤和措施在道德上的可接受性，应该在一开始就要在研究者和被试之间达成明确和公正的一致意见，明确每个人的责任。研究者有责任遵守和履行协议中规定的承诺和义务。As regards the moral acceptability of experimental procedures and measures, there must be a clear and fair agreement reached by researchers and subjects at the outset in order to clarify each others responsibility. Researchers have a responsibility to abide by and comply with the provisions of commitments and obligations in the agreement.Unit 31. 英译汉When you stay in a new environment for a while, you move to stage two the crisis stage in which the shine wears off and the day-to-day realities sink in. In a relationship, you notice annoying habits; in a new country, you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases. 当你在一个新环境待上一段时间，你就进入了第二阶段危机阶段在这个阶段所有的光环消退，现实的环境摆在你面前。在人际关系方面，你发现了令人烦恼的行为；在一个陌生的国度，你发现在建立人际关系学习、新的语言方面产生障碍。Suddenly, your new major includes a class or a professor you dislike. The difficulties and unpleasantness of realities replace the charming and picturesque “honeymoon.” However, if you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically, you will probably move to the third phase of culture shock: recovery.突然之间，与新专业有关的课程和教授你都不喜欢。现实的困难和不愉快取代了第一阶段迷人的蜜月期。然而，如果你能够坚持下去并且尝试去处理，你可能会进去文化冲击的第三阶段：恢复。2. 汉译英中式传统婚礼的最重要的部分便是拜堂成亲。新人走到天地桌（the table for heaven and earth）前，上面摆放有装满粮食的斗（dou），斗的四周写上“金玉满斗”四个大字，以红纸封口，斗内四角放若干硬币，以供拜完天地后看热闹的亲朋好友掏出来求取吉利之意。The wedding ceremony is the most important part of a traditional Chinese wedding. The newlyweds go to the table for heaven and earth where there is a dou (a kind of basket) full of grain. The dou is written on the four sides “filled with gold and jade” and wrapped with red paper. 斗内四角放若干硬币，以供拜完天地后看热闹的亲朋好友掏出来求取吉利之意。斗中要插一柏枝，枝上缀有铜钱，这个柏枝便被称作“摇钱树（ready source of money）”。斗旁放一杆秤、一面镜、织布机杼、一灯或一蜡烛。There are many coins placed in the four corners of the dou for the guests present at the wedding to take out, which symbolizes “Good luck”. There is a cypress branch, called ready source of money, decorated with copper coins. Besides, one steelyard, a mirror, a loom, a lamp or a candle are also placed near the dou. 新郎在左，新娘在右，并肩站在天地桌前，执事人高声喊道：“一拜天地，二拜高堂，夫妻对拜”。民间的说法认为，男女只有在拜过天地后才能算作是正式夫妻，因此对这个拜堂的仪式非常重视。Afterwards, the groom stand on the left side, the bride right by his side, while the director prompts, First bow to the heaven and earth; second bow to the parents; third bow to each other. According to the folk saying, they will not be the formal couple until bowing to the heaven and earth. As a result, people attach great importance to this ceremony. 还有一个有趣的习俗，即如果新郎在结婚的当天因故不能拜天地，就让他的姐姐或妹妹抱只公鸡来代替。坐完花轿（take the bridal sedan）、拜完天地、接下来新人要入洞房（go to the bridal chamber）了。洞房是一直延续下来的叫法。An interesting custom is that if the groom cannot come to this ceremony, he should ask his sister to hold a rooster to take his place at the wedding. After taking the bridal sedan, bowing to the heaven, its time for the newlyweds to go to the bridal chamber, which is a continuous name for bedroom.新人入了洞房以后，按照习俗，新郎新娘的同辈亲友聚集在洞房里，对新郎新娘开一些充满暗示的玩笑。这时即便过头一点，新郎新娘也不会生气，而是想办法巧妙化解，因为亲朋好友闹洞房图的是高兴和热闹。According to custom, their relatives and friends get together in the bridal chamber to banter the newlyweds. At this time, the newlyweds will never get angry even if the teasing games are a bit outrageous, but will try to skillfully dissolve the situation, for they know it well that the relatives and friends are just intending to delight them.Unit 41. 英译汉If your answer is no, then congratulationseither you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner. The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.如果你的答案是否定的，那么恭喜你：你要么早已看破红尘，要么就是腰缠万贯。然而，我们大多数人的答案却是肯定的，我们都希望拥有更多，从而进一步提高物质生活水平。这一简单的真理就是经济学的核心。我们或许可以重新表述这个问题：我们都面临稀缺。Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, orlike Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? 经济学家也研究个体的选择对社会所产生的细微的间接的影响。多数美国人的家的归宿是独立的房子还是像欧洲人那样的公寓?国民受教育程度会越来越高吗?博物馆和图书馆以后都得关门歇业吗?Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity. 城市里的交通堵塞会越来越严重还是会缓解在即呢?这些问题在很大程度上都取决于成千上万个个体的决定。若想回答这些问题必须明白人们如何在稀缺的前提下进行选择。Opportunity cost is one of the most important ideas you will encounter in economics. The concept sheds light on virtually every problem that economists consider, whether it be explaining the behavior of consumers or business firms or understanding important social problems like poverty or racial discrimination. In all of these cases, economists apply the principle of opportunity cost.机会成本是经济学中的一个重要概念。这一概念有助于理解一切经济问题，包括从消费者或公司的行为选择到贫困或种族歧视等一些重大社会问题。在解释以上这些问题时，经济学家都采用了机会成本的原则。2. 汉译英就一个声称热爱资本主义的民族而言，美国人有时会对给自己带来种种好处的公司疑心重重。关于这一点，近来没有哪家公司比销售食品和几乎所有其它一切的连锁店沃尔玛更了如指掌了。 For a people who profess to love capitalism, Americans can sometimes seem mightily suspicious of the companies that deliver its benefits. No firm knows that better these days than Wal-Mart, the chain of stores which sell food and almost everything else.沃尔玛创立至今不过42年，起初被视为一家普通的家族公司。但自创业以来，沃尔玛不断发展壮大。在这一进程中，沃尔玛对零售业进行了变革，此前零售业似乎是个单调的行业。Founded a mere 42 years ago, Wal-Mart was first seen as a homely, family-run business. But in the intervening years it has grown and grown and grown. Along the way it has revolutionized retailing, which had seemed a dull industry. 按营业额沃尔玛亦已成为世界上最大的公司，一个所到之处令对手心惊胆战的庞然大物。沃尔玛规模空前，成就非凡，同样值得称道的是，在未来几年中它很可能又要突飞猛进。但是，沃尔玛也经历了另外一种变化：日益成为众矢之的，饱受非议。It has also become the biggest company in the world by revenues, a behemoth that strikes fear in the hearts of rivals everywhere. Just as remarkable, given its size and success, Wal-Mart looks set for yet another spurt of growth in the next few years. But it has become something else as well: the target for a growing chorus of critics.Unit 71. 英译汉1)Lets look at one last quote from Mr. Welch. “When I became CEO of GE in 1981, we launched6 a highly publicized initiative: Be number one or number two in every market, and fix, sell or close to get there. This was not our strategy, although Ive often heard it described that way. 让我们来看看韦尔奇说过的一句话。 “当我在1981年成为首席执行官GE的时候，我们推出了广为宣传的口号：在每一个市场成为头号或排名第二，为达目的不惜整顿，出售或关闭。这不是我们的战略，虽然我常常听到有人那么说。It was a galvanising mantra to describe how we were going to do business going forward. Our strategy was much more directional. GE was going to move away from businesses that were being commoditized toward businesses that manufactured high-value technology products or sold services instead of things.”这是一个激励人心的口头禅来形容我们的业务应该向什么方向发展。我们的策略不仅仅是方向性的。通用电气公司打算从生产产品的制造业转向生产高附加值的科技产品或出售服务的商业。2) Intriguingly it was Napoleons grand strategy that was later to lead to his downfall. Britain, un-invaded and unconquered, became an increasing thorn in Napoleons side as it used the huge reserves of cash and credit, derived from the industrial revolution and the expanding empire, to fund alliances of various European nations against the new French Republic. 很有趣的是，正是拿破仑的大战略导致他后来的失败。英国，这个未被入侵和征服的国家，越来越成为拿破仑的身边的刺，因为它利用巨额储备的现金和信誉，这些现金和信誉来源于工业革命和不断扩大的帝国，给各个联盟的欧洲国家提供资金反对新的法兰西共和国。Napoleon decided to starve Britain of cash: he would conquer the whole of Europe and force the continent to stop trading with Britain. It was an over-ambitious strategy that led him to invade Britains old trading ally, Portugal, and then Spain, and finally Russia, with disastrous consequences.拿破仑决定要饿死英国的现金：他要征服整个欧洲，并迫使欧洲大陆停止与英国的贸易。正是这个过度野心的战略促使他以灾难性的后果入侵英国的老交易盟友，葡萄牙，然后西班牙，最后是俄罗斯2. 汉译英支付最高薪金的同时保持最低工资开支：我们必须得到世界上最优秀的人才，并向他们支付高额报酬。但我们不能留用那些我们不需要的人。如果我们想从相对少量的人身上获得更高的生产效率，我们就需要有更优秀的人才。 为达到“温和”目标而必须“强硬”：如果不首先实施明确的强硬措施，温和的措施不会发挥作用。只有在一个以遵循为基础的企业文化基础上，温和措施才会发挥作用。 Paying the highest wages, while having the lowest wage costs. We had to get the best people in the world and had to pay the hell out of them. But we couldnt carry along people we didnt need. We needed to have better people if we were going to get more productivity from fewer of them. Needing to be “hard” in order to be “soft.” Soft stuff wont work if it doesnt follow demonstrated toughness. It works only in a performance-based culture. 充分调动团体的聪明才智：总裁职责主要是使每个雇员全神贯注。第一步是最大限度地对能向你提供建议的每个人和每个地方都敞开心扉。第二步是将你所学到的东西传导给团体。Maximizing an Organizations Intellect. Getting every employees mind into the game is a huge part of what the C.E.O job is all about. The first step is being open to the best of what everyone, everywhere, has to offer. The second is transferring that learning across the organization. 人才第一，战略第二：将合适的人安排在