蓝色verbal语法总结.doc

Grace蓝色verbal 语法总结1-53平行1. (Like A ,B.)Like ants, termites have an elaborate social structure in which a few individuals reproduce and the rest are serving the colony by tending juveniles ,gathering food, building the nest, or they battle intruders. (serve the colony by tending juveniles, gathering food, building the nest, or battling)25. Like Audens ,the language of James is chatty.2. (Such as A,B and C.) Some bat caves, like beehives, have residents that take on different duties such as defending the entrance,(A) acting as sentinels and sounding a warning at the approach of danger(B), and scouting outside the cave for new food and roosting sites.(C)(要看清楚是谁和谁平行，划线部分只是such as 后平行中的一个部分， 而它本身又由一个and 连接，如果只看句子内部的话，你可能会想to act as .and to sound.也可以，但这就不能构成与前后整个的大平行了：平行可以简单但也很可能丢分，因为要看清楚平行的层次！）4. Not.but.：两个省略号中的成分要一致才能形成符合逻辑的语意 The voluminous personal papers of Tomas Alva Edison reveal that his inventions typically sprang to life not in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works.（not 后是一个介词结构表sprang to life的方式，那么but 后也应该是一个介词结构表另外一种方式，但这里but 后面是一个动词短语，所以构成不了平行。且从语意上看，应该是前后两个动词短语构成平行而不是倆介词-did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works)5. (either. or.结构) hundreds of species of fish generate and discharge electric currents, in bursts or as steady electric fields around their bodies ,using their power either to find and attack prey, to defend themselves ,or to communicate and navigate.7. From the earliest days of the tribe ,kinship determined the way in which the A organized its labor(A), provided access to its resources(B) ,and defined rights and obligations involved in the distributions and consumptions of those resources.(C)49.From.to.In developing new facilities for the incineration of solid wastes, we must avoid the danger of shifting environment problems from the pollution of water by landfills to the pollution of air by incinerators.15. It is well known that in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves(A) and how frequently the inventory turns over(B) can be crucial to profits.(写成 how frequently is the inventory turned over 因为这也是一个被动。看起来好像能更好地与A 构成平行，但实际上不是,A的结构是how +n+v,所以B 也应该是how +n+v,而这个v的形式则是由动词和主语的关系决定的。 )28. Eating saltwater fish may significantly reduce the risk of getting heart attacks and also aid for sufferers of .(aid应该与reduce 保持一致做动词， 而aid做动词为及物动词-直接用aid ）2. 一个句型：however much ., it is adj to do sth. However much United States voters may agree that there is a waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal states.(无论有多怎么样，做某事都是很难的。）6. The number of .原句 A study states that the numbers of the women employed outside the home grew by more than a thirty-five percent increase in the last decade.句意逻辑在外工作的妇女数量有了很大提升考点The number of A 的用法GMAT 中经常把 增长这个话题拿来做 redundant 的文章：把 grow ，increase， rise raise， soaring 中的几个放在一起。破题点 表什么什么的数量 只能用 the number of grew by more than a .increase grow 和 increase 放在一起是不对的正解The number of the women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-five percent8. 表方式 用BY， 原句As the costs of wireless service has steadily dropped, many people are finding that they can avoid toll charges on their home phones, using their mobile phones for making long-distance phone calls at night or on weekends ,at a time which.句意逻辑用什么方式可以达到什么效果考点表方式和手段时，最直接最清楚地就是用介词BY , 分词做状语没有这种用法. At a time which 是个错误用法，which 不能用来指代time修饰某个时间点最直接的就是用 when破题点有无by ；when正解.by using their phones to make long-distance calls at nights or at weekends ,when.14. 现在分词的一种正确用法（上题证明不能用做有明确意义的BY) The themes that A explores in her poetry are universal ,encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally dealing with racial issues.9,分词短语置句首作状语的用法-注意逻辑主语的问题 Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, the manager decided to give her staff a rise.(who is delighted?.)10. 介词短语置句首做状语的用法-逻辑主语的问题Native to south America, peanuts were introduced to Africa by P explorers and were quickly adopted into Africa agriculture , probably because they were so similar to . (gmat 中有一种特别容易出错的结构，就是peanuts 逗号，introduced .and .,because they were.,这样一来，很容易就没有谓语了:例如下面这一句）36. (主语逗号现象）Polio , although eradicated in the United States , it still continued elsewhere and can be brought into the country by visitors.（我老是觉得这个句子很顺眼，估计是我自己也经常犯这种错误的原因，实际上这个句子除了一个被孤立的诸于外，就没有谓语与之对应了。所以最好把让步状语提前，although eradicated i the US, polio continues elsewhere and could be brought .)13. （分号第一次出现：A 为正确选项 表示一种generalization和specific的example关系）Growing competitive pressures may be encouraging auditors to bend the rules in favor of clients; auditors may, for instance, allow a questionable loan to remain on the books in order to maintain a banks profits on paper .（一般材料里划线部分本身就包含一个分号的句子很多时候都是对的，分号的正确用法：前后为两个独立的句子且在意义上有关联，有的选项分号后面句子中的代词指代的是前面句子中的主语）22. 分号第二次出现A 不为正确选项，但分号仍保留 Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human expressions , to which they will then respond ; their goal is primarily creating a robot that will empathize with us. (这里分号前的语意是这种robot 既会辨认表情又会做出反应，如果用定语从句就变成了会辨认什么什么样的表情不对；分号后面开头的their 的指代出现了问题，到底是指experts 还是指robot呢？-that can identify expressions and then respond to them; the researchers goal is to.)10，一个语言现象：the rising of costs or the rising costThe rising of costs Rising costs The rising cost首先是单复数的问题，这个根据后面所给出的谓语的形式而定；然后是 the rising of 中的rising是把rise 动名词化了变成一个抽象名词，但 rise本身就有名词的用法，这种方法只适用于那些没有对应名词形式的动词 ，且在gmat中这中类似的 the shaping/destroying of 都是不被优选的结构。所以这里直接用一个the rising cost 清楚地表示出上升的cost 的涵义。18. except for +nExcept for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott s ragtime opera T was not produced until in 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.19 ,独立主格结构？考单复的一致原句Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems ,consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame. 句意逻辑逗号后面的不是一个完整的句子，因为其没有谓语，主语是each character（与逗号前面的主语是不同的） 然后直接是一个名词短语 a miniature calligraphic composition 来修饰主语，形成一个 独立主格结构。考点独立主格结构的特点但是选项不是在考这一点，而是考的agreement : each, a miniature, its 破题点单复的一致正解原句20.同位语原句Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season , is going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this season. 句意逻辑因果关系。什么什么的 decline is forcing sb 啥啥啥考点同位语和主谓一致破题点主语是values ,谓语就应该是are 备选项中还有定语从句或者是同为语从句，一般来说。同位语是优于定语从句的，然后看定语从句写的是, which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, as collateral 就直接用同位语表示正解.the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season,are 23. 一个词组：think of .as.24. Partly to.partly because.26. A policy aimed at.(aiming at/ the aim of which-wordy and awkwardwith the aim to-错-只有 with the aim of29. (.the decrease to the lowest level in the two years)两年来的最低水平 According to some economists, the July decrease in unemployment so that it was the lowest in two years suggests that the gradual improvement in the job market is continuing.(从这个suggests 来看，前面的划线部分应该是主语，就是那个decrease，而so that 是不能用来修饰名词的，为了表示一个达到了两年来最低水平的decrease， 用一个to .level 来做修饰，即the July decrease to the lowest level in two years)比较as.as.As powerful style and his choices of subject-XXXXXXX-were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.Like/unlike41. Unlike a funded pension system ,in which contributions are invested to pay future beneficiaries ,Social Security is founded on a pay-as-you-go approach.In contrast to 44. In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, small mills,by processing steel craps into a specialized .,have been able to .and remain.34. 平行；such as 的列举原句Lacking information about energy use，people tend to overestimate the amount of energy use by equipment, such as lights ,that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that used by the unobtrusive equipment ,such as water heaters.句意逻辑人们会高估什么visible 的equipment的什么 而低估unobtrusive的equipment的energy use考点两种equipment之间要形成对比，such as 在考到列举的时候有固定的套路，就是把such 和as 分开写为 such A as B 的结构破题点与后面的unobtrusive equipment 形成对比，前面就应该是一个 visible equipment，正解visible equipment，such as lights ,that must be turned on and off and underestimate that 35. The rise suggests that the economy should continue its expansion into the coming months, but that the mixed performance of the indexs individual components indicates that .39.原句A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and. 句意逻辑考点Within the past few years 是完成时的标志Elect to do sth rather than so sth表示“不是。而是”的含义时 rather than 要由于 instead of 破题点并没有过去的时间点构成过去的过去 所以只能用 现在完成Elect to do sth rather than do sth正解Have elected to retire early rather than face .40. Require 的用法； agreement原句The A bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.句意逻辑考点Require 的用法： require sb to do sth require that A (should) do sth 这个表达可不可行？破题点主谓 和指代正解Requires a bank to disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from its deposited checks42. The AM-1 is one of the many new satellites that are part of the 15-year effort to(一般在gmat中表示为某抽象事物的一部分时，不用a part of 而直接用part of ;一场15年的努力 15-year effort； effort to d o sth) subject the interactions of Earths atmosphere ,oceans and land surfaces.43. The term graphic design may suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, it has come to signify a wide range of 45.Graphite, remained thus even when the heat and pressure are removed.(remained this way whether or not)记住这种说法：remain thus47. Forbid.to do sth Prohibit from doing sth 48, Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in womens apparel, the retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores.50.仔细研究该句的一致和指代原句 The bank holds 3 billion in loans that are seriously delinquent or in such trouble that they do not expect payments when due.句意逻辑That 是修饰troubled 的 。到期不被支付的trouble。Bank是单数；loans是复数考点虽然句意读起来是很明确的。 但是指代上出了问题划线部分的they 结合前面看起来只能指代loans ,但这在语意上是不通的破题点指代bank只能用it， 指代loans只能用they正解.it does not expect payments to be made when they are due.51. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that(宾语从句that的省略可作为GMAT的一大黄金法则） the two upper New York countries owed restitution to three tribes of O for the unlawful seizure of their ancestral lands in the 18th century.（A owed restitution to B for .)52. Recent discovered fossil remains strongly suggest that the Australian egg-laying mammals of today are a branch of the main stem of mammalian evolution rather than a type that developed independently from a common ancestor . （这里体现了几个点，一是在gmat中每当rather than 和 instead of一起出现在选项中表“不是而是”的意思是，至今无例外全选rather than ，不定式时，than后的to 还可以省略； rather than 是平行结构的标志；这里还体现了一致中的“三大伪一致”之一，即谓语和宾语并不用保持一致 ：are an branch of .)53.gmat 中的主副有别，尊卑有序原句 The normative model of strategic decision-making suggests that executive examine a firms external environment and internal conditions,and in using of the set of objective criteria they derive from these analyses ,can decide on a strategy.句意逻辑A suggests that xx examine and decide.考点看出来，examine和decide之间是平行的关系，所以形式上要一致。主副不能颠倒，例如 划线部分的in use 就是一个状语用来修饰decide 的，所以绝对不能将其变成主句的一个部分而把decide变成分词或其他从句或状语部分。破题点主副不能颠倒。In the use of 为redundant wordy的结构，直接用using就可以表示朝这个方式或者伴随的意思了。正解Conditions and, using the set of . , decide8th, sept (54-83) 54. 条件状语从句的主从句时态搭配 原句A patient will find it different to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.句意逻辑条件状语从句，如果没的话，就会很difficult。考点条件状语从句的主从句时态搭配Wordy 的表达 表示没有或缺乏某种条件 一般用without是最好的破题点时态，主句将来，则从句用一般现在时If there is a lack of 赤裸裸地等于 withoutSome other +n =another +n.正解Without an other doctors testimony55. Not.but (rather).句型 The energy source on Vovager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart, but rather a kind of nuclear battery that.56. A chalice was probably buried to keep it from being stolen by invaders.-这里的it 一定不能掉；同时不能用avoid 来替代keep it from,因为avoid 表示chalice acts to prevent its own theft.57.整句划线的另一种句意逻辑关系-主从关系 原句According to its proponents ,a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.句意逻辑其实就是在陈述一个事实：一种新的飞机可以在两小时之内fly between most points. 最开始一句引入，中间一句插入讲方式。考点整句划线 逃不开对句意的逻辑分析，前面讲了有时间先后关系、因果、转折关系。这里体现的是一种主从关系，哪些是主要信息，而哪些是次要信息，主要信息一定放在主句的主语位置，次要的可以做状语或插入部分。正确句子就是主从清晰，并且不要随意加入其它的逻辑关系。破题点混淆主从的肯定错With it 的结构一般有问题不优选正解原文为正解58. 平行 平行的部分A.B and C.中，第二个平行部分的形式决定了后面所有平行部分的形式，保留to则全部保留，省则全省。Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and account requirements in writing, to provide.,and to create.59整句划线原句Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relative long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.句意逻辑 开头就给出了一个结论 repeatedly-ineffective 然后给出了一个reason 这个reason 就是一个finding考点整句结构把握分号的使用：一般来说，有分号的选项正确的可能性很大；且若材料中本身就有一个分号的话，一般不要轻易改动；分号前后要是两个完整的句子，且在句意上要有很大关联，尤其在有些题目中。分号后面句子里的代词指的是前面一个句子的主语。还有一个比较：在什么样的soil中比在什样的soil中有更多的pesticide。破题点选项主要是从 if used repeatedly 来着手的，把它当做一个状语，考察逻辑主语，只能是 pesticide 不能是其他东西正解原文61.划线长句原句 a decade after .,twelve hospitals have been investigated by state medical officials ,finding that all twelve consistently break the laws ,many residents.,and that ,句意逻辑时间关系和因果关系 。某项政策颁布之后多少年，对12家医院进行了调查，然后发现了三项违规操作考点语意把握。政策的颁布促使了一项检查，然后再说检查内容是什么。平行破题点平行的结构 that.that.and that.正解.an investigation has found that .that.and that.do so永远和do it 一起出现。且do it 永远错 parliament did not accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants because it believed that to do it rewards (doing so would reward) them for entering the country illegally.Not only.but also./while/either.or 所引导的平行 ( the two ends must be balanced )62. A says that a shifting of to.not only helps to control the employs costs, but also helps to limit.63. A among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition will drop while the rate of loss rises.68. The company has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced there companies to .65. 材料中用like举例时，往往要换成such as. 原句：the market for recycled commodities like aluminum and other metals (commodities such as a and other metals.)remains strong despite economic changes .67. Faced with estimated 2 billion budget gap, the citys mayor proposed a nearly 17percent reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the citys culture institutions and to subsidize hundreds of local groups. 69. A were built on a spectacular scale, with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex regional system of roads. (structure是用来描述scale的size 的，后面的room和roads是用来描述structures 的）-这种结构我自己觉得很奇怪，谁修饰谁貌似表达得十分不清楚。 70.分号，倍数表达原句The gyrfalcon, has survived a close brush with extinction ; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restrictedly in the early 1970s.句意逻辑分号后面的内容是对分号前内容的具体说明。考点分号的正确使用：一般分号出现在材料中不要轻易去改动。分号前后内容要相关，且为两个独立的句子，很多情况下后面的代词指代前面句子的主语，如这里的its.倍数的表达（待考证）关于什么fivehold 之类的表达Numbers 的用法（待考证）破题点分号， numbers are five time greater than 是肯定正确的表达。正解原句72. rates 表价格；重复 Rise , soaring 语意上有重复 The soaring rates of liability insurance are forcing .73, from.to.出现也考平行74. While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it is taught as a separate, required course.(separately required / a course required separately /separate and required course,/required course ,separately)75. 记住这道题！不确定是不是独立主格结构原句Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of B Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.句意逻辑这句话的逻辑要找准，主句实际上是阐述了一件事，从句中consistent 的主语则是整个理解的关键，到底是什么与the growth of the activity 在consistent？经过推敲，主要指的是发现的concentration，也可以是指代整个发现。考点怎么样把这个which 指代的内容表述清楚。貌似是独立主格 破题点新名词的出现：findingsThere 的指代问题正解.findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area.76. 原句Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legislatures of two- thirds of the states.句意逻辑Under 一个什么从来没被applied 的provision，congress 被要求去做一件什么事情。考点时态 Do it 永远都是错的-do so Call sth to do sth not for doing sth 破题点Do it 要改成 do so选项里的whereby 把句子变成了 fragment正解Under a provision .that has never been applied, Congress has been required to call a convention to consider possible .when formally asked to do so by.77,78两个很完美的平行79.定语从句和 as ，以及同位语放在一