全国职称英语等级考试试题(卫生类).doc

全国职称英语等级考试试题（卫生类） 第一部分阅读理解(75分) Passage1 Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat(威胁)topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformofcigars(雪茄烟),chewingtobacco,pipetobacco(烟草),andsnuff(鼻烟).Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall. Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Thismadeitpossibletoproducegreatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice. Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-threepercentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomenintheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingtonote,however,thatmillionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-sixpercentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhavestoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing. Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Amongbothmenandwomentheagegroupwiththehighestproportion(比例)ofsmokersistheagegroup24-44. Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingapersonssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingonfarms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmokecigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.Ontheotherhandifawell-educatedmanwithahighincomesmokesasall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday. Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Thereareslightlymoresmokersamongwomenwithhigherfamilyincomesandhighereducationthanamongthelowerincomeandlowereducationalgroups.Thesemorehighlyeducatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily. Amongteenagers(少年)thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewerteenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewerfromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Highschoolstudentswhoarepreparingforcollegearelesslikelytosmokethanthosewhodonotplantocontinuetheireducationafterhighschool.Childrenaremostlikelytostartsmoking,ifoneorbothoftheirparentssmoke. 1.Menusetobaccomainlyin_formsinthepast. A.one B.two C.three D.four 2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan_. A.onehundredyearsago B.attheturnofthecentury C.intheeighteenseventies D.intheeighteencentury 3.IntheUnitedStates_smokecigarettes. A.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople B.aboutthirty-onepercentofpeople C.onlyoldpeople D.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown-upmenandthirty-onepercentofthegrown-upwomen 4.Amanssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby_. A.hisincome B.hiseducation C.hisoccupation D.alloftheabove 5.Children_tostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke. A.aremostlikely B.arelesslikely C.hate D.donotwant Passage2 Manyofusbelievethatapersonsmindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,professorofpsychiatry(精神病学)attheUniversityofCalifornia.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins(孪生儿),whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDr.Jarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected. However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarviksstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlywiththoseintheir30sand40s,butwiththoseintheir60sand70saswell. Itistrueolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthattheirmemoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecalllossofmemoryisnotthatatall.Therewasusuallyincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.Inthecaseswheretheolderpersonsmindreallyseemstobecomelessactive,itisnotnecessarilyasignofbecominglessactiveduetooldage.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotional(压抑的感情)state. 6.AccordingtoDr.Jarviksstudies,middle-agedandolderpersonswouldexpectto_. A.rememberless B.reasonbetter C.learnfewernewthings D.losenointellectualability 7.Mentaldecayduetoagingis_. A.common B.muchmorecommonthanmostpeoplebelieve C.muchlesscommonthanmostpeoplebelieve D.trueofthoseoversixty 8.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthat_. A.theylostalittleabilitytoreasonovertheyears B.theyonlyfactorwhichdeclineovertheyearswastheirspeedwithwhichtoperformmentaltasks C.theirmemorywasnotasgoodasithadoncebeen D.theirmindsbecameabitmoreactiveastheygrewolder 9.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingareinstancesofincompletelearningexcept_. A.poorhearing B.badeyesight C.lackofattention D.theattempttolearntoomanynewthings 10.Whatwecallmentaldecayisusuallyasignof_. A.alow-spiritedstate B.aworseningstateofhealth C.oldage D.nervoustension Passage3 Forhundredsofyears,diseasescausedbylackinnutrition(营养)wereknowntomen.Somecommonnutritionaldiseasesareberiberi(脚气),andscurvy(坏血病).Inthe18thcentury,JamesLind,aScottishdoctor,discoveredacureberiberi-wholerice. ABritishscientistin1906showedthatcertainfoodscontainsubstancesimportanttothegrowthanddevelopmentofthebody.Intimethesesubstanceswerecalledvitamins,meaningessentialtolife.Todaythereare13knownvitamins.Thehumanbodyproducesonlythreeofthem. Vitaminsregulate(调节)thewaythebodychangesfoodintoenergyandlivingtissues(组织).Eachvitaminshasadefiniteuseandthelackofonevitamincaninterferewiththefunctionofanother.Thecontinuedlackofonevitamincancauseavitaminlackdisease. Thebestwayforahealthypersontogetvitaminsistoeatabalanceddiet.Eggs,milk,meat,vegetables,fruits,andwhole-grainarethemostcommonsourcesofthenecessaryvarietyoffoods. Vitaminshelptospeedupcertainchemicalreactionsinthebody.Thesereactionsareessentialforhealth.Withoutvitamins,thesereactionswouldoccurveryslowlyornotatall. Trulyvitaminshavebeencorrectlynamed-essentialtogoodhealthandlife. 11.Menhaveknowaboutnutritionaldiseases_. A.alongtime B.in18thcentury C.recently D.in1906 12.Beriberiisatypeof_. A.food B.vitamin C.fruit D.disease 13.Ittakesscientists_toknowhowmanyvitaminsthereare. A.alongtime B.afewyears C.ashorttime D.anumberofexperiments 14.Humanbodyproduces_kindsofvitamins. A.allkindsof B.five C.thirteen D.three 15.Eating_isthebestwaytogetvitamins. A.fewthings B.vegetables C.fruits D.manykindsoffood 第二部分完成句子(25分) 根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。 Somepsychologists(心理学家)maintainthatmentalactssuchasthinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalone,butthatonesmusclesalsoparticipate(参加).Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwithourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusicwithoutbodies. Yousurelyarenotsurprisedtobetoldthattomusicnotonlywithyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistentomusicthatismoreorlessfamiliarwithoutmovingtheirbodyormorespecifically(具体地),somepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenonelistenstoaconcertontheradio,heistemptedtodirecttheorchestra(管弦乐队)eventhoughknowswheretodirecttheorchestraeventhoughheknowsthereisanableconductoronthejob. Strangeasthisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentformmusicunlessheparticipates,sotospeak,initsperformance.Thelistenerfeelshimselfintothemusicwithmoreorlesspronouncedmotionsofhisbody. Themusclesofthebodyactuallyparticipate(参加)inthementalprocessofthinkinginthesameway,butthisparticipationislessobviousbecauseitislesspronounced. 16.Somepsychologistsbelievethatthinkingisperformednotonlybyonesbrainbutalsoones_. 17.Theprocessofthinkingandthatoflisteningaresimilarinthatmuscles_inbothprocesses. 18._peopleareabletolistentofamiliarmusicwithoutmovingsomepartoftheirbody. 19.Bodymovementarenecessaryinorderforthelistenerto_themusicfully. 20.Accordingtothepassage,muscleparticipationintheprocessofthinkingisnotreadilya_. 第三部分阅读理解(80分) Passage1 Mostofusleadunhealthylives:wespendfartoomuchtimesittingdown.If,inaddition,wearecarelessaboutourdiets,ourbodiessoonbecomeflabby(不结实的)andsystemssluggish(缺乏活力的).Thentheguiltfeelingsstart:Imustgoonadiet,Imusttrytoloseweight,Imustgetmorefreshairandexerciser,Imuststopsmoking,Imusttrytokeepfit.Therearesomeaspectsofourunhealthylivesthatwecannotavoid.Iamthinkingofsuchfeaturesofmodernurbanlifeaspollution,noise,rushedmealsandstress.Butkeepingfitisawaytominimise(减少到最低限度)theeffectsoftheseevils. Theusualsuggestiontoapersonwhoislookingforawaytokeepfitistotakeupsomesportorother.Whileitistruethateveryweekendyouwillfindpeopleplayingfootballandtennisinthelocalpark,theyareoutnumbered(超过)ahundredtoonebythepeoplewhoaresimplywatchingthem.ItisanillusiontothinkthatyouwillgetfitbygoingtowatchthefootballmatcheverySaturday,unlessyoucounttheeffortrequiredtofightyourwaythroughoutthecrowdstogettothebestseats. Forthosewhodonotparticularlyenjoycompetitive(竞争性的)sports,itisespeciallydifficulttodosoifyouarenotgoodatthem.Therearesuchactivitiesforonepersonascycling,walkingandswimming.Whatoftenhappens,though,isthatyoudotheminsuchaleisurelyway,soslowly,thatitisdoubtfulifyouaredoingyourselfmuchgood,apartfromthefactthatyouhaveatleastmanagedtogetupoutofyourarmchair.Ofcourseyoucanbeverythoroughaboutexercise.Manysportsshopsnowsellfrighteningpiecesofapparatus,chest-expandersandothermysteriousgadgets(小装置)ofshinyspringsteel,which,accordingtotheadvertisements,willbringyouuptoanOlympicstandardoffitness,providedthatyoufollowaregularprogrammeofexercises.Suchprogrammesgenerallyinvolvelongperiodsoftimebendingthesecuriousbitsofmetalintoimprobableshapes. Itallstrikesmeasutterlyboringandalsotime-consuming.Somebodysuggestedrecentlythatallsucheffortwaspointlessanywaybecauseifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthejogginginthefirstplace.Theargumentisfalseevenifthefactsarecorrect,outthereisnodoubtthatexerciseinitselfcanbeboring. Evenafteryouhavefoundaroutineforkeepinginshape,throughsportorgymnastics,youarestillonlyhalfwaytogoodhealth,because,accordingtotheexperts,youmustalsomastertheartofcompletementalandphysicalrelaxation.Now,thisdoesnotmeansleepinginthearmchairofgoingdancing(whichisagoodformofexerciseinitself).Ithassomethingtodowithdeepbreathing,emptyingyourmindofallthoughts,worriesandsoon. 21.Ifyouwanttokeepfit,youshould_. A.goinfornotonlycompetitivesports,butalsosolitaryones B.goinfornotonlysports,butalsoenjoyyourrelaxation C.notputontoomuchweight D.notspendlonghourssittinginyourarmchair 22.ThelatterpartofthelastsentenceofPara.2(unlessyoucounttheeffortgettothebestseats.)suggeststhattheauthorthinksthat_. A.fightingyourwaythroughcrowdsisagoodexercise B.bestseatsaredifficulttosecure C.beingaspectatorisnotawaytokeepfit D.gettingthroughcrowdsisnotaneasyjob 23.Whichstatementreflectstheauthorspointofviewonsolitarysports? A.Theydonotcontributemuchtoyourhealth. B.Theycanbedoneinaslowway. C.Theylackasenseofcompetition. D.Theycanbedoneatanytimeandinanyplace. 24.InPara.4,theauthorquotes:ifyouspendhalfanhoureverydayjoggingroundthelocalpark,youwilladdtoyourlifeexactlythenumberofhoursthatyouwasteddoingthejogginginthefirstplace.Hethinksthatthestatementis_. A.partiallycorrect B.absolutelytrue C.untrue D.paradoxical 25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawaytogoodhealthinthearticle? A.Mentalandphysicalrelaxation. B.Competitiveandsolitarysports. C.Piecesofexerciseapparatus. D.Mountainclimbingoffresh-airbreathing. Passage2 Whetheryoueattoliveorlivetoeat,foodshouldhelpkeepyouwell.Inourmodernworldofprocessedandpreservedfoods,manynutritionists(营养学家)aresuggestingthatwecanstayhealthywithawell-balanceddietofplentyoffreshfruitsandvegetablesandnottoomuchredmeat,salt,orsugar.Infact,eatingnatural,unprocessedfoodsthataremadefromscratch,insteadofartificialandjunk(假的)foods,maynotonlykeepyouhealthy,butsaveyourmoney,too. Tostayhealthy,youmustalsobecarefultoavoidfoodpoisoning,acommon,unpleasant,andoftendangerousillnessthataffectsoneoutofeverysixAmericanseachyear.Foodpoisoningisoftencausedbysalmonellabacteria(沙门化菌)infood,especiallyrawmeatsanddairyproducts.Heatusuallykillsthebacteria,andrefrigerationkeepsthemfromgrowing.Soremembertokeephotfoodhotandcoldfoodcold.Also,besuretokeepyourhandsandcookingutensilscleansoyoudonttransfergermstothefoodwhileyouarepreparingit. Ifyouusecannedfood,alwayscheckthecansforleaksorpuffiness.Apuffedcancouldmeanbotulism,afataltypeoffoodpoisoningthatyoucannotseeorsmell.Nevertasteanyfoodthatyoususpecthasspoiled.Instead,returnanydamagedcansorspoiledfoodtothegrocerystore,andthemanagerwillrefund(归还)yourmoney.Whenusingprocessedfoods,besuretoreadallthelabelsandchecktheingredientsandthefreshnessdatebeforeyoubuyoreatthefood. Eatingisoneofthejoysoflife.Beingcarefulaboutwhatyouputinyourmouthcankeepitthatway. 26.Accordingtomostnutritionists,adietof_isgoodforyou. A.redmeatandsweets B.artificialandjunkfoods C.freshfruitsandvegetables D.processedandpreservedfoods 27.Tostayhealthy,onemust_. A.noteatunprocessedmeatanddairyproducts B.avoidyourhandstouchingallfoods C.nottasteoutdatedcannedfood D.heatcoldfoodbeforeeating 28.Ifacanispuffy,itissuggestedinthepassageto_. A.openitandtastealittletocheckit B.throwitawaytoavoidpoisoningotherfoods C.heatitsoastokillthebacteria D.returnittoitssellerforrepayment 29.Whatdoesitinthelastparagraphreferto? A.Life. B.Joy. C.Eating. D.Food. 30.Onthewhole,thepassagestronglysuggeststhat_. A.naturalfoodishealthierthanartificialfood B.foodhelpskeeponehealthy C.cannedfoodmaybepoisoning D.onespoorhealthisgenerallyaresultoffoodpoisoning 第四部分概括大意(20分) 给下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主题用一个或几个单词表示，空出的词已给出了第一个字母，请把其余字母补全。 31.D Adultstwelveyearsoldandovertaketwoteaspoonfulsasneeded,nottoexceedfifteenteaspoonfulsperday.Childrensixyearsoldtotwelveyearsoldtakehalfoftheadultdosage,nottoexceedseventeaspoonfulsperday. 32.W Donotadminister(用药)tochildrenundersixyearsoldortoindividualswithhighbloodpressure,heartdisease,ordisease,ordiabetes.Thispreparationmaycausesleepy.Donotdriveoroperatemachinerywhiletakingthismedicine.Chronic(长期的)coughisdangerous.Ifreliefdoesnotoccurwithinthreedays,discontinueuseandconsultyourphysician. 33.EofInformationbetweentheSensory(感观的)Neurons(神经)andtheBrain. Thesensoryneuronskeepthebraininformedofwhatishappeningoutsideandinsidethebodythroughavarietyofsensorypick-upunitscalledreceptors.Someofthese,lyingatorneartheskinsurface,maybespeciallysensitivetotissuedamage(causingpain),orlightcontact(producingatouchsensation),orpressure,ortemperature,eitherhotorcold.Otherreceptorsonthetongueandinthenoserespondtolightofvaryingintensities,whilereceptorsrespondtocolor.Receptorsintheearrespondtominutevibrationscausedbysoundwavesstrikingtheeardrum.Otherreceptorsaredeepinthewallsoftheintestines;whentheintestinescontractvigorouslybecauseofthepresenceofuncomfortablefoodorgas,thesereceptorstransmitsignalsofpain.Stillotherreceptorslodgedinthemuscles,fireoff