初中英语动词时态讲解及练习.doc

16种英语时态总结归纳时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。1. 一般现在时用法：A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。B) 习惯用语。 C) 经常性、习惯性动作。例：He always helps others. D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。例：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon. How often does this shuttle bus run? F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.2. 现在进行时(be doing)用法：现在正在进行的动作。3. 现在完成时(have done)用法：A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。例：I bought a new house, but I _ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A) didnt sell B) sold C) havent sold D) would sellB) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for 加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A) are to challenge C) have been challengedB) may be challenged D) are challengingC) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）注意事项A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years. He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。例：My sister has been married for 5 years. My sister has married. Dont disturb her.（终端动词）C) 在this is the first/ second/ third time that句型里要求用完成时。例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.D) 句型It is/ has beensince所使用的两种时态都正确。例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.E) 在no sooner than、hardly/ scarcely when、before、prior to等句型中，主句要求完成时。例：I havent met that professor prior to today.4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。例：1997年6月四级第45 题It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.A) had leaked B) is leakingC) leaked D) has been leaking5. 一般过去时用法：A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.He used to visit his mother once a week. C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?Would you mind my sitting here?注意事项：A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didnt used to do, didnt use to do都对。Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示过去常常或过去曾经，要求加动词原形；后者表示习惯于，要求加名词或动名词。6. 过去完成时(had done)用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示过去的过去的动作或状态。Until then, his family _ from him for six months.A) didnt hear C) hasnt heard B) hasnt been hearing D) hadnt heard例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在开门和注意这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)用法：A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。过去进行时用法五大注意事项一、注意过去进行的基本用法过去进行时主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。如：He fell asleep when he was reading. We were expecting you yesterday. He was playing while I was studying. 二、注意过去进行时表示现在的用法用过去进行时表示现在，主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如：I was wondering if you could give me a lift. We were hoping you would stay with us.How much did you want to spend, sir? 注：一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。三、注意过去进行时表示感情的色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情的色彩，也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。如：They were always quarrelling. The boy was continually asking questions. 四、注意动词be的过去进行时动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。比较：He was friendly. He was being friendly. 五、注意过去进行时和一般过去时的区别两者的基本差别是过去进行时通常表示一个过去正在进行且尚未完成的动作，而一般过去时则通常表示一个过去已经完成的动作。如：I was reading a book last night. I read a book last night. They were building a bridge there. They built a bridge there. 注：有些动词(如rain, snow, cough, wear, feel, work等)本身并不表示动作完成，这时用两种时态都可以，且含义区别不大： It rained was raining all day yesterday. She didnt feel wasnt feeling well that day. 9. 一般将来时用法：A) 基本结构是will / shall do。例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.C) 表示“打算去，要”时，可用be going to do。例：This is just what I am going to say.D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。例：Dont worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.E) be to do的5种用法：a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.c) 能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may）例：How am I to pay such a debt?d) 不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。例：I assure you that the matter _ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.A. will be attended B. will be attended toC. is attended D. is attended toe) 用于条件从句“如果想，设想”（接近if want to,或if should）例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _ avoided.A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has beenF) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.例：1999年6月四级第65题I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A) in B) to C) at D) on注意事项：在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。）10. 将来进行时(will be doing)用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。例：Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考一般将来时和现在进行时的有关注意事项。11. 将来完成时(will have done)用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。例：1997年1月四级第22题The conference _ a full week by the time it ends.A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. 13)过去完成进行时：had been doing例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home. 14) 过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.15) 过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.16) 过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. 时态是初中英语语法难点，也是中考的重要考点，其考点主要集中在以下几个方面：【考点1】一般现在时的用法考查一般现在时主要有如下几点用法：1、经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：It seldom snows in Suqian now. 2、现在的特征或状态。例如：He loves sports. 3、普遍真理，一般规律。例如：Light travels faster than sound./ Fish soon goes bad in hot weather. 4、可以用来表示一个按规定，计划，安排或时刻表要发生的情况，一般都有一个表示未来时间的状语。通常用来表示学期什么时候要开学、结束；飞机、火车、汽车、船只等交通工具什么时候要到达，什么时候要离开等时刻表上已有安排的活动。动词一般限于少数几个，如：begin, start, stop, arrive, come, go, leave, return, open, close, be等。例如：My plane leaves at 11 a.m. tomorrow./ School begins the day after tomorrow. 5、在if, when, as soon as, until, after, before等连接词引导的时间或条件状语从句中，从句中谓语动词要用一般现在时，主句要用将来时。例如：Turn off the light before you leave./ We will start as soon as you are ready.关于一般现在时应注意以下几点：a. 在间接引语中，如果转述的是客观真理，一般规律，谚语俗语，一般现在时时态保持不变。例如：He said the earth is round. b. if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的情况；但if作为是否意思时，其引导的宾语从句如果表示将来的情况则用一般将来时。When作为当、时候，引导状语从句时，从句用一般现在时表示将来的情况，如：When he comes, I will let you know；如果引导的是宾语从句，表示什么时候，则将来的情况仍然用一般将来时，如：I dont know when he will visit me. c. 一些时间副词如seldom, usually, sometimes, often, never, every day等既可以用于过去时，也可以用于一般现在时。要注意区分。例如：He often goes swimming. / He often went swimming in 1999.【中考链接】1.Mum, _ shall we have lunch?We will have it when your dad_.（2007年连云港）A. when; returns B. where; returns C. where; will return D. when; will return2.Tomorrow will be Fathers Day. What will you do for your father?I will say I love you, Daddy as soon as he _ up. （2007年南通）A. will wake B. is waking C. wakes D. woke3. Our teacher said light_ faster than sound. （2007年宿迁）A. travelled B. has travelled C. is travelling D. travels4.Lets go fishing if it _ this weekend. But nobody knows if it_.（2006年扬州）A. is fine, will rain B. will be fine, rains C. is fine, rains D. will be fine, will rain5.Is your father a doctor? Yes, he is. He_ in Town Hospital. (2006年武汉)A. has worked B. had worked C. works D. worked【考点2】现在进行时的用法考查现在进行时主要有以下用法：1、表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。常见的时间状语：right now, at present, at the moment, now.常见的标志性动词如：look, listen等。例如：Someone is asking for you on the phone. 2、表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。多有一个表示未来时间的状语。这种情况仅限于少量动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, work, have, stay, play, return等。例如：-Tom, supper is ready. Come quickly. -OK. Im coming.注意：表示状态和感觉的动词如果指现在情况的话，一般不用于进行时，而要用一般现在时。这样的动词有：love, like, hate, want, hope, need, wish, know, understand, remember, belong, hear, see, seem, have(有), sound(听起来), taste（尝起来）等。【中考链接】1.Wheres your mother, Helen?She_ the flowers in the garden. （2007年镇江）A. waters B. watered C. is watering D. has watered2.Hurry up! Its time to leave. -OK, _.（2006年孝感）A. Im coming B. Ill come C. Ive come D. I come3.Shall we invite Tom to play football now?Oh, no. He his clothes.（2006年泸州）A. is washing B. washes C. has washed D. washed【考点3】一般过去时的用法考查一般过去时主要有以下用法：1、表示过去某时发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性动作）。常见的时间状语有：yesterday, last night/week, a month ago/ ten years ago和具体的过去时间in 1990, in 2006等。例如：She often came to help me when I was in trouble. 2、发生的时间不是很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的。例如：How nice to see you here! I thought you were out.要注意区分一般过去时和过去进行时。一般过去时表示过去发生的事情，侧重结果；而过去进行时只表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作，而不涉及结果。例如：He was writing a letter last night.（不知道是否写完了） / He wrote a letter last night. (结果写完了)【中考链接】1. Simon_ his fingers when he was cooking the dinner. （2007年盐城）A. burnt B. was burning C. has burnt D. had burnt2.Im sorry you have missed the bus. It_ five minutes ago.What a pity! （2006年徐州）A. was leaving B. has left C. left D. leaves3.Mr. Johnson, we have found your watch.My watch！Thank you. Where_ it?（2006年绍兴）A. do you find B. have you found C. did you find D. were you finding【考点4】过去进行时的用法考查过去进行时主要有以下用法： 1、谈论过去的某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的事。例如：I was reading the newspaper at 6.30 this morning. 2、当过去某一件事情发生时，另外一个动作正在进行。此时，延续性动词用过去进行时，瞬间动词用一般过去时。例如：The earthquake started while I was doing some shopping. 3、可以表示从过去某个时候看来将要发生的事。例如：When his son arrived, the old man was dying.【中考链接】1.I came to your home yesterday afternoon, but nobody was in.Oh, we_ some shopping in the supermarket.（2007年南通）A. have done B. did C. were doing D. are doing2.What do you think of the colour of my new dress?Sorry, but what did you say? I_ about something else. （2007年扬州）A. think B. thought C. am thinking D. was thinking3. I _my homework while my parents TV last night.（2006年南京）A. did; have watched B. was doing; were watchingC. had done; were watching D. would do; were watching【考点5】现在完成时的用法考查现在完成时主要有以下用法：1、谈论开始于过去某个时候而且持续到现在的一个动作。例如：Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. 2、谈论过去发生的动作，并且和现在存在联系。即过去的某个动作对现在产生影响。Eddie has eaten my food. (Eddie ate the food and now Hobo has nothing to eat.) 但是如果单纯谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时。现在完成时常见的时间状语有：for+一段时间；since+过去的某个时间；so far, yet, recently, over/in the last/past +一段时间；（once, twice, ）threetimes, never, ever, up to now, these days例如：I havent seen him these days./ Have you ever seen each other before?【中考链接】1Hello，this is Lily speakingCould I speak to Mr. Black?SorryHe_ the Xuanwu Lake Park（2007年南京）A. has been to B. went to C. has gone to D. will go to2.Would you like to see the film with me?Im sorry I _it twice. （2007年北京）A. see B. will see C. have seen D. am seeing3. In the past few years there great changes in my hometown.（2007年天津）A. have been B. were C. had been D. are4.Kitty, will you go to see the film -Cold Mountain this evening?No, I wont. I it already. （2006年南京）A. saw B. have seen C. see D. will see【考点6】过去完成时的用法考查过去完成时表示过去某个行为或某件事发生之前就已经发生的动作或情况。例如：Hepburn had been a model before she became a Hollywood superstar.【中考链接】1.Did you see Mr. Chen yesterday afternoon?No. When I got to school, he_ already. （2006年扬州）A. left B. has left C. was leaving D. had left【考点7】将来时的用法考查表示将来时态的结构很多。主要有以下几类：1、be going to do表示计划, 打算做某事，例如：Im going to visit my grandparents next Friday evening.也可以表示根据目前情况很可能要发生的事。例如：Its cloudy. Its going to rain. 2、一般现在时，可以用来表示一个按规定，计划，安排或时刻表要发生的情况，一般都有一个表示未来时间的状语。例如：My cousin finishes school next year. 3、现在进行时可以表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。例如：Are you going to the wetlands photo show next week? 4、一般将来时，will/ shall do.，在第一人称I/ We的句子中，可以用shall引导；各种人称都可以用will表示一般将来时。注意：1、时间，条件状语从句中，从句一般用一般现在时表示将来，而主句要用一般将来时。例如：I will go shopping when I am free. 2、临时决定要做某事通常用一般将来时。例如：-Tom is ill in hospital. -Oh, Im sorry to hear that. I will go and see him. 3、将来时态常见的时间状语有：常见的时间状语：next Tuesday, next week, the coming Sunday, this afternoon, tomorrow, tonight等。【中考链接】1.Ann is in hospital.Yes, I know. I_ her tomorrow. （2007年盐城）A. visit B. used to visit C. will visit D. am going to visit2. Mr. Smith_ a talk on country music next Monday. （2007年北京）A. give B. gave C. has given D. will give3.Youve left the light onOh, sorry_and turn it off(2006年泰州)A. Ive gone B. I11 go C. I went D. Im going4.Joan, you are late! -Sorry, I _ next time. (2006年浙江)A. dont B. wont C. am not D. havent中考英语如何判断动词时态的技巧一、根据时间状语与时态的对应关系 动词特定的时态常常与特定的时间状语联系在一起，如由this time yesterday可知用过去进行时；由so far, in the past three years, till now可知要用完成时，等等。At this time tomorrow _ over the Atlantic.A. were going to fly B. well be flying C. well fly D. were to fly二、固定句型与动词时态间的对应关系在英语中，不少句型与一些动词在时态的运用方面都存在着特定的对应关系，如(1) 在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中，陈述句中用will表示的一般将来时；(2) 在This/That/It is the second time that句型中用现在完成时，若is改为was，就用过去完成时；(3) 在no soonerthan和hardlywhen句型中，前面常用过去完成时，when/than后的句子用一般过去时；(4) was/were about to dowhen或was/were doingwhen或was/were on the point of doingwhen句型中，when分句的谓语动词用一般过时；(5) 在一个含有时间状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主从句的谓语动词都是过去发生的动作，一般来说，表示短暂性动作的动词用一般过去时，表示持续性动作的动词用过去进行时；等等。Lets keep to the point or we _ any decisions.A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached解析：这是“祈使句+or +陈述句”句型，陈述句的谓语要用“will+动词原形”，故选A三、根据某些动词与时态的对应关系在英语里有些动词与时态有着特定的对应关系，如see(看见)，hear(听见)，find(找到) 等都不可用于进行时态；work表示机器不能正常运行、运转时，常用一般现在时的否定式；open, close, lock等词表示门、窗等不能正常关、开、锁的意思时，常用wont open /close /lock等，这时它们是以主动形式表示被动意义。Can I help you, sir?Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _.A. didnt workB. wont work C. cant work D. doesnt work四、根据上下语境来确定时态在绝大多数情况下，动词的时态是由上下文来决定的，这就要求我们一方面要熟记各种时态的适用范围，另一方面要求我们注意上下文的提示。 Is this raincoat yours? No, mine _ there behind the door.A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung名师指点：一般现在时表将来的规律一、“主将从现”原则当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时，时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来：Ill write to her when I have time. Turn off the lights before you leave. If we hurry, we may catch the bus. Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 【注】 除表示时间和条件的状语从句外，表示让步、相似、比例的从句也必须用一般现在时表将来：Ill follow him wherever he goes. Whatever you say, I wont pay. Whether we help him or not, he will fail. Ill have a good time whether I win or lose. The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 另外，当主句为用将来时态时，定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来：Ill give you anything you ask for. You can have anything I find.Everyone who comes first will get a present. 二、简化原则按照英语习惯，一个句子中若主要动词已经表明了所谈论动作的时间，那么与之相关的其他动词就不必再次指明同一时间，而往往使用一个比较简单的时态，如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等。比较：This discovery means that we will spend less on food.This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 三、几种值得注意的情况在make sure(弄清楚)，make certain(弄清楚)，take care(注意，当心)，be careful(注意，当心)，mind(注意)，