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关键词：: 流变动压轴承设计 3d-sw 5张 cad 图纸说明书

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摘要 I

Abstract II

1 磁流变液动压轴承介绍 1

1.1 磁流变液的介绍 1

1.1.1 磁流变液定义 1

1.1.2 磁流变液的制备 1

1.1.3磁流变液应用范围 2

1.1.4 磁流变液应满足的指标： 3

1.1.5 磁流变液发展其前景 3

1.2 滑动轴承简介 4

1.3 磁流变液动压轴承 5

2 方案设计以及选取 5

2.1 滑动轴承的分类 5

2.2 滑动轴承的选取 7

2.3 电磁场的添加 9

2.4 密封方式选择 11

2.5 轴承座选取以及建模 12

2.5.1 轴承座上端 13

2.5.2 轴承座下端 14

2.5.3 轴瓦 14

2.5.4 轴承装配图 15

3.1 滑动轴承的处电磁引入 16

3.2 磁流变液的添加 17

3.3 磁流变液动压轴承原理 19

3.3.1 磁流变液添加以及电线接入 19

3.3.2 磁流变液装载位置 19

3.3.3 磁流变液的密封 20

4 主要尺寸以及主要计算 21

4.1 轴承座的具体尺寸 21

4.1.1 轴承座上端 21

4.1.2 轴承座下端 22

4.1.3 轴瓦 24

4.2 滑动轴承所涉及的主要计算 24

4.2.1 电磁场的计算 24

4.2.2 磁流变液粘度的计算 25

4.2.3 磁流变液油膜承载能力计算 25

5 SolidWorks仿真分析 26

5.1 爆炸视图 26

5.2 仿真运动 28

6 总结 30

致谢 31

参考文献 32

文献综述 33

摘要

磁流变液是可磁极化的固体微颗粒在基液中形成的悬浮液，其流变特性可由外加磁场连续控制。当不加磁场时，磁流变液表现出类似牛顿流体的行为；当外加磁场时，磁流变液中的磁性颗粒沿磁场方向排成链状，这些链状结构阻止了液体的流动，因而改变了磁流变液的流变特性，其流动表现出Bingham塑性体行为，具有粘性和塑性特性。

随着磁流变液在机械应用中的不断发展，越来越多的将磁流变液运用于各种机械器件中。磁流变液在外加磁场增强的过程中，液体的粘度随之增大并最终失去流动性变为固态，此过程耗能小、可逆、能产生较大屈服应力且在豪秒级内完成。利用此一系列性能，在充分考虑磁场、温度、颗粒尺寸、壁面效应和体积浓度等诸因素对应用器件影响的基础上，可开发各种磁流变阻尼器件。由于磁流变液相变的过程在毫秒量级内完成，因此可以做成敏捷度极高的控制元件，用于联接和传递两部件之间的力或力矩。如汽车用离合器、制动器等。磁流变液动压轴承也是基于这个原理设计的。

关键词：磁流变液动压轴承设计

Abstract

Magnetorheological fluid is a magnetic pole of the solid particles in suspension, formed in the base of its rheological properties can be made of continuous control plus a magnetic field. When without magnetic field, the magnetic rheological fluid showed similar behavior of Newtonian fluid; When applied magnetic field, the magnetic particles of magnetorheological fluid along the magnetic field direction in chain, the chain structure to prevent the flow of the liquid, and thus change the rheological properties of MRF, the flow show the Bingham plastic body behavior, viscous and plastic characteristics.

As the MRF in mechanical applications development, more and more application of MRF to various kinds of mechanical device. Magnetorheological fluid in the process of plus enhanced magnetic field, the liquid viscosity increase and eventually lose liquid into a solid, the process energy consumption of small, reversible, can produce a large yield stress and in house finish in second grade. Using this series of performance, in full consideration magnetic field, temperature, particle size, surface effect and volume concentration, etc. Various factors influence, on the basis of the application components can develop all kinds of magnetorheological damping devices. Due to magnetic rheological liquid phase change is accomplished within millisecond level, so you can make it high agility control element, is used to join and transfer force or moment between the two parts. Such as automotive clutch, brake, etc. Magnetorheological fluid dynamic pressure bearing is designed based on this principle.

Keywords: magnetorheological fluid dynamic pressure bearing design

1 磁流变液动压轴承介绍

1.1 磁流变液的介绍

1.1.1 磁流变液定义

磁流变液（Magnetorheological Fluid , 简称MR流体）属可控流体，是智能材料中研究较为多的一种材料。磁流变液一般由铁磁性易磁化颗粒、母液油和稳定剂三种物质构成。磁流变液是由高磁导率、低磁滞性的微小软磁性颗粒和非导磁性液体混合而成的悬浮体。这种悬浮体在零磁场条件下呈现出低粘度的牛顿流体特性；而在强磁场作用下，则呈现出高粘度、低流动性的Binghan体特性。由于磁流变液在磁场作用下的流变是瞬间的、可逆的、而且其流变后的剪切屈服强度与磁场强度具有稳定的对应关系，因此是一种用途广泛、性能优良的智能材料。

1.1.2 磁流变液的制备

磁流变液一般由铁磁性易磁化颗粒、母液油和稳定剂三种物质构成。铁磁性（软磁性）固体颗粒有球状、棒状和纺锤状三种形态，密度为7～8g/cm3，其中球形颗粒的直径在0.1～500μm 范围内。目前可用作磁流变液的铁磁性固体颗粒是具有较高磁化饱和强度的羰基铁粉、纯铁粉或铁合金。由于羰基铁粉饱和磁化强度为2.15特斯拉，且物性较软、具有可压缩性、材料成本低、购买方便，已成为最常用的材料之一。磁流变液的母液油（分散剂）一般是非导磁且性能良好的油，如矿物油、硅油、合成油等,它们须具有较低的零场粘度、较大范围的温度稳定性、不污染环境等特性。稳定剂用来减缓或防止磁性颗粒沉降的产生。因为磁性颗粒的比重较大，容易沉淀或离心分离，加入少量的稳定剂是必须的。磁流变液的稳定性主要受两种因素的影响：一是粒子的聚集结块，即粒子相互聚集形成很大的团；二是粒子本身的沉降，即磁性粒子随时间的沉淀。这两种因素都可以通过添加剂或表面活性剂来减缓。由超精细石英粉形成的硅胶是一种典型的稳定剂，这种粒子具有很大的表面积，每个粒子具有多孔疏松结构可以吸附大量的潮气，磁性颗粒可由这些结构支撑均匀地分布在母液中。另一方面，表面活性剂可以形成网状结构吸附在磁性颗粒的周围以减缓粒子的沉降。稳定剂必须有特殊的分子结构，一端有一个对磁性颗粒界面产生高度亲和力的钉扎功能团，另一端还需一个极易分散于某种基液中去的适当长度的弹性基团。将这三种物质按一定的比例混合均匀，即可形成磁流变液。

目前国际上关于磁流变液材料制备方法和工艺的报道比较多。中国科技大学磁流变研究组陈祖耀、江万权等人用Y-辐射技术产生直径在２００nm～５μm 的Co粒子，并将铁颗粒表面复合此纳米尺寸的Co粒子，形成铁复合物为悬浮粒子制备的磁流变液。在中国科技大学的旋转式磁流变液测试系统上测试，结果表明剪切屈服应力显着增大；用直径为２.５μm～８μm羰基铁粉分散于硅油中，并用偶联剂预先处理，改善液态相和固态相的相容性，可有效防止粒子沉淀，该磁流变液效应显着，且具有较大的温度稳定性。2002年，中国科学技术大学磁流变研究组成功地筛选制备了KDC—1磁流变液，该样品实验室工艺稳定，有较大的剪切屈服强度和沉降稳定性，其主要力学性能指标与美国Lord公司产品接近。现已完成对3家友邻研究单位KDC—1 MRF小批量实验室规模供给，反映良好。

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内容简介：: Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved. 2006VOLUME 18ISSUE 1-2SeptemberOctober2006of Achievements in Materialsand Manufacturing EngineeringShort paper 127Properties and application of magnetorheological fluidsM. Kciuk a,* R. Turczyn ba Division of Nanocrystalline and Functional Materials and Sustainable Pro-ecological Technologies, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Polandb Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology ul. Marcina Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland * Corresponding author: E-mail address: monika.kciukpolsl.plReceived 15.03.2006; accepted in revised form 30.04.2006MaterialsAbstrActPurpose: This paper presents basic properties of the magnetorheological fluids (MR) and their development in recent years. A variety of still growing practical applications in mechanical devices are presented.Design/methodology/approach: The theoretical research results of the properties and applications obtained in the past decades and progressed in recent years are reviewed.Findings: It is very clearly and well understood from the presented paper that replacement of the traditional devices with active, smart system better adapted to the environment stimulus are necessary. Many of them will include MR fluids as active component.Research limitations/implications: MR fluids with excellent properties can be applied in various fields of civil engineering, safety engineering, transportation and life science. They offer an outstanding capability of active control of mechanical properties.Practical implications: A very useful material for the engineers engaged in the design of brakes, dampers, clutches and shock absorbers systems.Originality/value: This article describes an up-to-date MR materials development and their application in civil engineering. The advantage of the smart systems over nowadays solutions becomes the direction of the researches and designing of 21st century devices.Keywords: Smart materials; Magnetorheological materials; Magnetic properties; Shear stress1. Introduction Science and technology have made amazing developments in the design of electronics and machinery using standard materials, which do not have particularly special properties (i.e. steel, aluminum, gold). Imagine the range of possibilities, which exist for special materials that have properties scientists can manipulate. Some such materials have the ability to change shape or size simply by adding a little bit of heat, or to change from a liquid to a solid almost instantly when near a magnet; these materials are called smart materials. Smart materials have one or more properties that can be dramatically altered. Most everyday materials have physical properties, which cannot be significantly altered; for example if oil is heated it will become a little thinner, whereas a smart material with variable may turn from a liquid state which flows easily to a solid. Each individual type of smart material has a different property which can be significantly altered, such as viscosity, volume or conductivity. The property that can be altered determines what type of applications the smart material can be used for 1. .IntroductionShort paper128Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing EngineeringM. Kciuk, R. Turczyn Volume 18 Issue 1-2 SeptemberOctober 2006Varieties of smart materials already exist, and are being researched extensively. These include piezoelectric materials, magnetorheostatic materials, electrorheostatic materials, and shape memory alloys. Some everyday items are already incorporating smart materials (coffeepots, cars, glasses) and the number of applications for them is growing steadily. Magnetorheological materials (fluids) (MR) are a class of smart materials whose rheological properties (e.g. viscosity) may be rapidly varied by applying a magnetic field. Under influence of magnetic field the suspended magnetic particles interact to form a structure that resists shear deformation or flow. This change in the material appears as a rapid increase in apparent viscosity or in the development of a semisolid state. Advances in the application of MR materials are parallel to the development of new, more sophisticated MR materials with better properties and stability. Many smart systems and structures would benefit from the change in viscosity or other material properties of MR. Nowadays, these applications include brakes, dampers, clutches and shock absorbers systems. 2. Properties of magnetorheological fluidsTypical magnetorheological fluids are the suspensions of micron sized, magnetizable particles (mainly iron) suspended in an appropriate carrier liquid such as mineral oil, synthetic oil, water or ethylene glycol. The carrier fluid serves as a dispersed medium and ensures the homogeneity of particles in the fluid. A variety of additives (stabilizers and surfactants) are used to prevent gravitational settling and promote stable particles suspension, enhance lubricity and change initial viscosity of the MR fluids. The stabilizers serve to keep the particles suspended in the fluid, whilst the surfactants are adsorbed on the surface of the magnetic particles to enhance the polarization induced in the suspended particles upon the application of a magnetic field. Table 1. Summary of the properties of MR fluids 1 Property Typical value Initial viscosity 0,2 0,3 Pas (at 25oC)Density 3 4 g/cm3Magnetic field strength 150 250 kA/m Yield point 2o50 100 kPa Reaction time few milliseconds Typical supply voltage and current intensity 2 25 V, 12 A Work temperature -50 do 150 oC Typically, the diameter of the magnetizable particles range from 3 to 5 microns. Functional MR fluids may be made with larger particles, however, stable suspension of particles becomes increasingly more difficult as the size increases. Commercial quantities of relatively inexpensive carbonyl iron are generally limited to sizes greater than 1 or 2 microns. Smaller particles that are easier to suspend could be used 2,3, but the manufacture of such particles is difficult. Significantly smaller ferromagnetic particles are generally only available as oxides, such as pigments commonly found in magnetic recording media. MR fluids made from such pigment particles are quite stable because the particles are typically only 30 nanometers in diameter. However, because of their lower saturation magnetization, fluids made from these particles are generally limited in strength to about 5 kPa and have a large plastic viscosity due to the large surface area. Main parameters of these fluids are presented in table 1. In the absence of an applied field, MR fluids are reasonably well approximated as Newtonian liquids. For most engineering applications a simple Bingham plastic model is effective at describing the essential, field-dependent fluid characteristics. A Bingham plastic is a non-Newtonian fluid whose yield stress must be exceeded before flow can begin 4. Thereafter, the rate-of-shear vs. shear stress curve is linear. In this model, the total yield stress is given by (1): JKWW )(Ho(1)where: oW - yield stress caused by applied magnetic field, Pa H - magnetic field strength, A/m J - shear rate, s-1K - plastic viscosity, Pas Lots of modern, complex models of magnetorheological fluids are developed 5,6. Normally, MR fluids are free flowing liquids having a consistency similar to that of motor oil (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. MR fluid model without outer magnetic field (1 carrier liquid, 2 suspended magnetizable particles) However, in the presence of an applied magnetic field, the iron particles acquire a dipole moment aligned with the external field which causes particles to form linear chains aligned to the magnetic field, as shown in Fig. 2. This phenomenon can solidify the suspended iron particles and restrict the fluid movement. Consequently, yield strength is developed within the fluid. The degree of change is related to the magnitude of the applied magnetic field, and can occur in a few milliseconds. 2.Propertiesofmagnetorheologicalfluids129MaterialsProperties and application of magnetorheological fluidsTypical magnetorheological materials can achieve yield strengths up to 50100 kPa at magnetic field strength of about 150250 kA/m. It was found that wall roughness on contact with the fluid is important for yield strengths, especially in low magnetic fields. For low strains prior to yield, the shear modulus of a MR fluid also shows a very large increase in an applied magnetic field. MR materials eventually reach a saturation point where increases of magnetic field strength do not increase the yield strength of the MR material. This phenomenon typically occurs around 300 kA/m. The effect of magnetic saturation on the strength of MR materials can be studied by using finite element analysis. Fig. 2. MR fluid model in the outer magnetic field The MR effect is immediately reversible if the magnetic field is reduced or removed. Response times of 6.5 ms have been recorded. MR materials that have been already developed are stable in temperature ranges from 50 to 150qC. There are slight changes in the volume fraction and hence slight reductions in the yield strength at these temperatures, but they are small. Also size and size distribution of the suspended particles affect the change in properties of the MR fluid when placed in a magnetic field. Magnetorheological materials exhibit some advantages over typical electrorheological materials. In contrast to electror-heological materials, MR fluids are more useful because the change in their rheological properties is large, larger that in ER fluids, so an increase of yield stress are 20-50 times stronger. Unlike ER materials, they are also less sensitive to moisture and contaminants, and thus MR materials are candidates for use in dirty or contaminated environments. They are also unaffected by the surface chemistry of surfactants as ER materials are. The power (50 W) and voltage (1224V) requirements for MR materials activation are relatively small compared with ER materials. 3. Application of magnetorheologicalfluidsBecause the state of MR materials can be controlled by the strength of an applied magnetic field, it is useful in applications where variable performance is desired. Microprocessors, sensor technologies and increasing electronic content and processing speeds have created real-time control possibilities of smart systems used MR devices. Beginning of the commercialization of MR technology was year 1995 and use of rotary brakes in aerobic exercise equipment. From this moment application of magneto-rheological material technology in real-world systems has grown steadily. During the past few years a number of commercially available products (or near commercialization) have been developed, e.g. 7-14: x linear MR dampers for real-time active vibrational control systems in heavy duty trucks, x linear and rotary brakes for low-cost, accurate, positional and velocity control of pneumatic actuator systems, x rotary brakes to provide tactile force-feedback in steer-by-wire systems, x linear dampers for real-time gait control in advanced prosthetic devices, x adjustable real-time controlled shock absorbers for automobiles, x MR sponge dampers for washing machines, x magnetorheological fluid polishing tools, x very large MR fluid dampers for seismic damage mitigation in civil engineering structures, x large MR fluid dampers to control wind-induced vibrations in cable-stayed bridges. The MR brake operates in a direct-shear mode, shearing the MR fluid filling the gap between the two surfaces (housing and rotor) moving with respect to one another. Rotor is fixed to the shaft, which is placed in bearings and can rotate in relation to housing. Resistance torque in the MR brake depends on viscosity of the MR fluid that can be changed by magnetic field. MR brake allows for continuous control of torque. When there is no magnetic field the torque is caused by viscosity of carrier liquid, bearings and seals. MR brake is especially well suited for a variety of applications including pneumatic actuator control, precision tension control and haptic force feedback in applications such as steer-by-wire 15. MR clutch similar to MR brake operates in a direct-shear mode and transfers torque between input and output shaft. There are two main types constructions of MR clutch: cylindrical and frontal. In the cylindrical model MR fluid works between two cylindrical surfaces and in frontal MR fluid fills gap between two discs. During work magnetic field produced by coils increases viscosity of fluid and causes transfer of torque form input to output shaft. Useful torque is available after 2-3 milliseconds from stimulation 1. MR dampers are semi-active devices that contain magnetorheological fluids. After application of a magnetic field the fluid changes from liquid to semi-solid state in few milliseconds, so the result is an infinitely variable, controllable damper capable of large damping forces. MR dampers offer an attractive solution to energy absorption in mechanical systems and structures and can be considered as “fail-safe” devices. magnetic fieldcarrier liquidmagnetizable particles3.ApplicationofmagnetorheologicalfluidsShort paper130 READING DIRECT: Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Volume 18 Issue 1-2 SeptemberOctober 20064. ConclusionsScience and technology in the 21st century will rely heavily on the development of new materials that are expected to respond to the environmental changes and manifest their own functions according to the optimum conditions. The development of smart materials will undoubtedly be an essential task in many fields of science and technology such as information science, microelectronics, computer science, medical treatment, life science, energy, transportation, safety engineering and military technologies. Materials development in the future, therefore, should be directed toward creation of hyperfunctional materials which surpass even biological organ in some aspects. The current materials research is to develop various pathways that will lead the modern technology toward the smart system. These fluids can reversibly and instantaneously change from a free-flowing liquid to a semi-solid with controllable yield strength when exposed to a magnetic field. In the absence of an applied field, MR fluids are reasonably well approximated as Newtonian liquids. For most engineering applications, a simple Bingham plastic model is effective in describing the essential, field-dependent fluid characteristics. MR technology has moved out of the laboratory and into viable commercial applications for a diverse spectrum of products. Applications include automotive primary suspensions, truck seat systems, control-by-wire/tactile-feedback devices, pneumatic control, seismic mitigation and human prosthetics. In contrast to conventional electro-mechanical solutions, MR technology offers: x Real-time, continuously variable control of x Dampingx Motion and position control x Locking x Haptic feedback x High dissipative force independent of velocity x Greater energy density x Simple design (few or no moving parts) x Quick response time (10 milliseconds)x Consistent efficacy across extreme temperature variations (range of 140C to 130 C) x Minimal power usage (typically 12V, 1 Amp max current; fail-safe to battery backup, which can fail-safe to passive damping mode) x Inherent system stability (no active forces generated)x MR fluids can be operated directly from low-voltage power supplies. MR technology can provide flexible, reliable control capabilities in designs. References 1 A. awniczak, Electro- and Magnetorheological Fluids and their Applications in Engineering, Pozna 1999 (in Polish) 2 S.P. Rwei, H.Y. Lee, S.D. Yoo, L.Y. Wang, J.G. Lin, Magnetorheological characteristics of aqueous suspensions that contain Fe3O4nanoparticles, Colloid Polymer Science 283 (2005), 12531258 3 C. Holm, J.-J. Weis, The structure of ferrofluids: A status report, Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 10 (2005), 133140 4 D.A. Siginer, Advances in the Flow and Rheology of Non-Newtonian Fluids, Elsevier, 1999 5 K.C. Chen, C.S. Yeh, A mixture model for magneto-rheological materials, Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 15 (2002), 495510 6 L. Zhou, W. Wen, P. Sheng: Ground States of Magnetorheo-logical Fluids, Phys

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