大学英语六级模拟试题1-08-06.doc

大学英语六级模拟试题（1）Part IWriting (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a passage of at least 150 words in the title of Reserved Vacant Seats. Please follow the outline given below.1. 大学校园里占座现象屡禁不止，分析原因。2. 你对此的看法。 n Part IIReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.Pains and GainsPainsThe Iraq War is dragging into its fourth year. While peace remains uncertain in Iraq, opinion polls in the United States have shown that support for the war is falling down. However, U. S. President George W. Bush has outwardly expressed his confidence on more than one occasion. Im optimistic well succeed. If not, Id pull our troops out, he said at a recent press conference.When he ordered troops into Iraq on March 20, 2003, George W. Bush probably would not have imagined that the country would be plunged into such a chaotic situation three years later.Despite its victorious offensives, U. S. forces have not been able to clear anti-U.S. resistance, which in effect has seen a drastic restoration recently. Although the U. S. -dominated democratic process has largely been completed, and Washington continues to increase economic assistance, Iraq has made little progress in its reconstruction, leaving Iraqi people with severe water and power shortages. In particular, ever since the bombing of a famous Shiite shrine (什叶派教徒的圣地) on February 22, the feud between the Sunnis（逊尼派教徒) and the Shiites, Iraqs two major religious sects, has degenerated to the edge of a complete loss of control.At present, the United States can neither come up with a quick answer to the Iraq problem, nor rid itself of the heavy burden easily. Behind the Iraq syndrome are the huge costs on the part of the United States: over 2,300 troops killed and $ 200-250 billion spent.GainsAs a matter of fact, the United States has reaped remarkable benefits from the war in spite of its vast costs.Geopolitical PriorityThe geopolitical situation has been made more favorable to the United States. One of the underlying reasons why the United States seeks a transformation of Iraq is to smash Arab nationalism so as to keep a firm grip on Arab countries. If their advantages in population, natural resources and geographic position are integrated and they speak with one voice, let alone establish a unified Arab country, the 22-nation Arab world will be capable of resisting intervention by big powers. Unity means power and provides the best screen against the interference of Western superpowers. Arab nationalism, championed by former Egyptian Premier Gamal Abdel Nasser, was at its height in the 1950s to 1960s. In 1956, Nasser successfully defended the military aggression waged by Britain, France and Israel. In the Fourth Middle East War, or the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the Arab countries effectively protected their dignity and interests by using the oil weapon. Although Arab nationalism gradually declined after that, with conflicts emerging among the various nations, the basis for political integration still exists. For the United States, the Arab world is, of course, too large.Iraq is at the core of the Arab world. Its former leader Saddam Hussein had been going out of his way to revive Arab nationalism by taking advantage of the anti-U.S. sentiments popular in the Middle East, something inauspicious for Washington. It is for these reasons that the United States set about changing the nature of Iraq through the Iraq War, the post-war democratic transformation, and especially supporting the Kurds (库尔德人). In the new Iraqi Constitution, the country is no longer labeled an Arab country.The United States has therefore succeeded in breaking the Arab world from within, preventing the revival of Arab nationalism and getting rid of the biggest threat for it to control the oil and strategic zones in the Middle East. In the meantime, as Iraq is turned into a dependent, pro-U.S. (支持美国的) country, the United States will be able to establish a new strategic base in the heart of the Middle East. A curve linking Turkey, Iraq and Pakistan is in the making.Democratic TransformationThe United States has subjected Middle East countries to its democratic transformation. Promoting democratic transformation is an essential part of the U.S. Middle East policy, on which it relies to eliminate terrorism and reshape the Middle East order. Iraq provides a perfect laboratory for the U.S. democratic transformation experiment.In 2005, the Iraqi political process made a great progress despite frequent setbacks. Not only had the previous objectives been generally fulfilled, but the public also showed an ever-greater eagerness for political participation. For example, some 8.5 million cast votes in the election for the transitional National Assembly January last year, but by December when the formal legislative election took place, the number of voters had risen to 12 million.Under the influence of Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Egypt also held presidential, parliamentary or regional elections last year. Democracy has become something that all Middle East nations expect. Some critics even called the trend an Arab Spring.Aside from the actual effects of the elections, the introduction of the concept of democracy in itself is beneficial to the United States. The United States has turned itself from a hegemonic(霸权的) power to a guardian of democracy, maintaining a solid control over the Middle East region.Control of Oil ResourcesThe United States has strengthened its control over the oil resources in the Middle East. Even before the Iraq War, some insightful people had pointed out that the war would be mainly targeted at oil. If Iraq had not been rich in oil, the United States would have thought twice before going into the war.As is known , Iraq has an oil deposit of 112 billion barrels (桶), ranking second in the world. The U. S. Energy Information Administration estimates that an additional 220 billion barrels might be discovered in the deserts in western Iraq. If this estimation is true, Iraq will exceed Saudi Arabia to become the worlds No. 1 oil-rich country. By breaking down the Saddam regime, the United States got access to the oilfields, a victory that ensures its long-term, stable oil supply. Washingtons intention has become evident through a series of initiatives it took after the war. The Iraq War was declared to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to liberate the Iraqi people. However, as soon as it occupied the country, Washington sent heavy troops to seize Iraqs oilfields, turning a blind eye to its social chaos.To date, 63 of the 85 oilfields in Iraq have signed long-term contracts with U. S. multinationals. Under these contracts, up to $ 194 billion in Iraqi oil revenues are going to multinational oil companies, and no political force in Iraq can change these contracts. Obviously, the United States has become the biggest owner of Iraqs oil interests. Observers pointed out that people have come to realize that the Iraq War actually resulted from oil, interests and possessiveness.Game of SuperpowerThe Iraq war is a big, unpredictable business deal for the United States, a rash experiment in Utopian democracy, and even a video game that only a superpower can afford to play. Bush may consider pulling the troops out as a last resort. But the Iraqis, who were deprived of homes, jobs and loved ones and might face a possible split of their country, have become perpetual victims of the bitter war.1. President George W. Bush claimed that military force would withdraw from Iraq in no case though opinion polls in the United States have shown that support for the war is falling down.2. Religious conflict between sects in Iraq became worse due to the war.3. The United States intended to unite the Arab world to control the oil and strategic zones in the Middle East.4. Democracy was expected in all Middle East nations under the influence of Iraq.5. Some of the oil fields were bombed by Iraq in case that the US obtained them in the war.6. America reaped great gains from Iraq war despite the much pain from both sides.7. The United States smashed Arab nationalism so as to_. 8._ is at the core of the Arab world.9. The United States has turned itself from a hegemonic power to a guardian of democracy by the introduction of _to the Middle East.10. If the estimates of the U. S. Energy Information Administration about oil reserve in the deserts in western Iraq are true, the deposit of oil in Iraq will amount to _.Part IVReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. You are required to answer the questions using your own words in the fewest possible words.Question 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital dividethe division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized it is in the interest of business to universalize accessafter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. WA a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isnt the only way to defeat poverty. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure in the United States. The English, the Germans, the French were investing in Britains former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off youre going to be. That doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.47. What should we do for the digital division, according to the Internet?48. Why do governments attach great importance to the Internet? 49. What does the writer want to justify by mentioning the case of United States, and Britain etc.? 50. From the passage, what do you think a countrys economy mostly depends on?51. What categories are there based on digital division? Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.In the last half of the nineteenth century capital and labour were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. An old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy (官僚主义) of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities (大城市) went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners, and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastborne sprang up to house large. Confinable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand shareholding meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.52. Its true of the family firms that_. A) they were spoiled by the younger generationsB) they could supply adequate services to the taxpayersC) they lacked efficiencyD) they lacked individual initiative53. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in_. A) the separation of capital from managementB) the participation of shareholders in municipal businessC) the emergence of capital and labor as two classesD) the ownership of capital by managers54. All of the following are true except that_. A)the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB) the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workersC) the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyD) the trade unions seemed to play a positive role55. The author is most critical of_. A)managersC) family film ownersB)landownersD) shareholders56. The shareholders had no knowledge of the following except_. A) knowledge of lifeB) thoughts or needs of workC) his influence in the relationship of the capital and labourD) personal knowledge of the workmenPassage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.One of the most fascinating questions about human behavior is each person is different from all others. The answer to this question would explain the aspect of human nature called personality. Some theories assume that inborn characteristics determine human personality. Many observers have hypothesized (假设) that each person has a dominant temperament, present from birth, which influences his or her behavior during an entire lifetime. According to one of these theories, people can be classified into four basic types: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic. Each type or temperament is characterized by a unique set of possible strengths and possible weaknesses.Sanguine people are described as the most outgoing of the four temperaments. They are warm, fun-loving, and like the company of others. Because of these strengths, it is said that sanguines often make good salesmen, actors, or public speakers. Sanguines, however, may have some serious weaknesses. Their problems come from their lack of discipline. Easily distracted, they often lack the concentration to complete a job or other people may not trust them.Choleric people are quite different from the carefree, emotional sanguines. Because of their strong will, decisiveness, and productivity, cholerics are natural leaders who are good at making vast plans and motivating other people to help them carry out their plans. They are often successful in business, industry, or politics. Choleric weaknesses can be very damaging, however. Because a strong desire to lead, they can be cruel and cold towards those who do not wish to follow. They often do not listen to advice from others, and once they make a decision, they may become hostile towards anyone who is questioning that decision.Phlegmatics are calm, easy-going people who strive for efficiency and organization. Very diplomatic and polite, they make people feel comfortable and generally help keep things running smoothly. For these reasons, they make good teachers, technicians, etc. Phlegmatics, however, often have weaknesses