研究生英语作文总复习.ppt

作文总复习 Relationshipswithinsentences causeandeffect comparisonandcontrast definition classificationandexemplification Causeandeffect 表示原因或结果的动词和动词短语 bringabout leadto make giveriseto arisefrom resultin resultfrom 表示原因的介词和短语 becauseof dueto owingto thanksto for onaccountof表示原因的连词和短语 since because nowthat inthat thereasonisthat Thisiswhy表示结果的词和短语 asaresult consequently theresultis 在理解原因和结果时 要注意一因多果和一果多因 有些结果 在这里是结果 在那里可能变成原因 Sample1Whatdoesagoodnight ssleepmeantoourmood Generallywearehappier lessaggressive sleepier and abitsurprisingly lessfriendly Beingsleepieriseasilyexplained Itsimplytakesalittletimetobecomefullyalertafterawakening Researchersfoundthatahalfhouraftergettingup peoplearelesssleepythanbeforeretiring 这段话表现了一因多果 Thecauseis goodnight ssleep Andeffectis Wearehappier lessaggressive sleepier and abitsurprisingly lessfriendly Sample2Theengineerswhorepairedtheclockbelievethatthebreakdownwastheresultofmetalfatigue Metalsdeteriorateowingtorepeatedstressesaboveacertaincriticalvalue Partoftheclockmechanismfractured Asaresult thespeedofthethegearwheelsincreasedfromabout1 5revolutionsperminuteto16 000rpmtheresultingcentrifugalforcethrewpiecesoftheclockmechanisminalldirections Italsodamagedthemechanismwhichdrivestheclick shands Themetalfatiguehadneverbeennoticed asfatiguecracksareinvisibletothenaked Theengineershavenowfittedadevicethatwillpreventtheaccidentsfromhappeningagain Anyincreaseinspeedwillcauseabraketobeappliedtothegearwheel TheyengineersareconfidentsthatBigBenwillremainaccurateandreliableforanother200years Para 1 Para 3 ComparisonandContrast为了论证作者的观点 作者往往把他所论述的内容跟读者所熟悉的内容进行比较和对照 通过这两种手段阐释主题 Comparison阐明事物的相似或相同之处 而contrast说明事物的不同 以下一些标志词可以帮助我们理解comparisonandcontrast Contrast but than and than than insteadof unlike but as more and while however incontrast onthecontrary differentfrom opposite eventhoughComparison and like as as but than more er comparewith similarto similarly inthesameway also too incomparison Sample1Thecameraandtheeyearesimilarinmanyrespects Theybothneedlightraysinordertofunction Bothhaveasensitivesurfaceonwhichtheimageisformed Intheeyetheimageisformedontheretina 视网膜 Inthecameratheimageisformedonthefilm Asinacamera theimageontheretinaisinverted Comparisonsbetweencameraandeyes 1 needlightraystofunction2 Hasasensitivesurface3 Theimageisinverted在描述两者的相同之处时用了similar和both这样的词 Contrastbetweencameraandeyes 1 Intheeye theimageisformedontheretina2 Inthecamera theimageisformedonthefilm SampleSocialinsectsliveinintegratedcommunitieswhichinsomewaysaresimilartohumancommunities Inbothtypesofcommunitythereisdivisionoflabor Ininsectsocietiescertaininsectsareresponsibleforreproduction theworkerscollectfoodwhilethesoldiersdefendthecolony Inthesamewayhumangroupssuchasfarmersandshopkeepershavespecializedfunctionsinproducinggoodsandprovidingservicestothecommunity Itisnotsurprising therefore thatmanyanalogieshavebeenmadebetweensocialinsectsandhumansocieties Itmustnotbeforgotten however thatinsectsocialbehaviorisdeterminedbyinnateinstinctivemechanisms Insectsshownocapacityforlearningorfordevelopingssocialtraditionbasedonlearning 这里作者把insectsociety和humansociety的相似和相异之处进行比较和对照 Comparison InsectSociety thedivisionoflabor HumanSociety specializedpurposesfordifferentgroupsContrast InsectSociety socialbehaviordeterminedbyinnateinstinctivemechanisms HumanSociety abletolearnordevelopasocialtraditionbasedonlearning Definition常用于definition的方式有以下四种 类比 用同义词解释 描写 描述功能 用途1类比常用句型有 AislikeBThebrainislikeacomputer AissimilartoBThebrainissimilartoacomputer AisBThecomputerisatechnicalbrain AhasbeencomparedtoBThecomputerhasbeencomparedtothebrain2用同义词解释 如 Thepharmacistdispensesmedicine Weneedgrassroots orpopularsupport 3描写 如 Thelong yellow ediblefruitfromthetropiciscalledabanana Cornisatall leafyplantwhichbearsitsneedsonlargeears 4描述功能 用途 如 Achairisusedtoseton Thesubjectofcurrentresearchistherighthemispherewhichcontrolsspatialrelationships Sample1Programmingpeoplemeansgettingotherstoactconsistentlyasyouwantthemtoact Sternparentsoremployersoftenareprettygoodatthis atleastwhilethesubjectsareunderobservation Sample2Windisthemovementoftheairovertheearth ssurface Thismovementisrelatedtoairpressure Neartheearth ssurfacethepressureisgreateratthepolesthanattheequator Awayfromthesurfaceitisloweratthepoles Becauseofthepressuredifferencesthereisaconstantflowofair Thisisthemaincauseofwind Windsarealsodeflectedbytherotationoftheearth ThisdeflectioniscalledtheCoriolisforce Classification比如 apple orange banana pineapple可以归为fruit 而painting sculpture dance opera属于art 常见句型 isclassifiedas canbedividedintoseveralkinds groups haveafewcategories canbegroupedinto Sample1Thesemarketingexpertssaythat theaveragecitizenwillhavetostepuphisbuyingbynearlyfiftypercentinnextdozenyears ortheeconomywillsicken Thismeansthattheproducerofhouseholdcommodities i e atelevisionrefrigerator air conditionerandwashingmachinemanufacturer willhavetofindsomenewmeansofmakingfurthersales 这里television refrigerator air conditioner washing machine按分类都属于householdcommodities Exemplification举出具体实例来证明一个理论或观点 在阅读中正确区分论点和例证有助于分清主干 分清一个部分跟另一个部分之间的关系 就英语文章而言 每一段往往都有一个主题句 论点 根据论点的内容所指 作为例证的具体实例可以是person object fact evidenceorexperience 标志性短语 Forexample forinstance taketheexampleof inthecaseof toillustratethis suchas muchlike AistheexampleofB Sample1Historically scientists inventorsaswellasartistshaveperformedbestinrelaxedmomentofdaydreaming Newtonsolvedmanyofhistoughestproblemswhenhewasinprivatereflectionsandfantasies ThomasEdisonalsoknewthevalueofhalf wakingstates wheneverconfrontedw