语言学超音段特征.ppt

welcometoourclass 2 5Suprasegmentals Suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments 语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序 它们的组合呈线形的 称线性组合 据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位 各占一定的时间段落 所以也称音段 语流中最小的音段是音位 因此音位也称音段音位 segmentalphonemes 即元音 vowels 和辅音 consonants 但是在实际语流中 语音成素还有一种非线性的共时组合 当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时 往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分 这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合 因而具有超音段的性质 因此我们在这里要研究超音段特征 Forexampleinstinct insti kt 本能 television teli vi n 电视 2 5 1TheSyllableStructure monosyllable withonesyllable likecatanddogPolysyllable withmorethanonesyllable liketransplantorfestival Asyllablemusthaveanucleusorpeak Usually avowelplaysthepartofanucleus Sometimes aconsonantplaysthepartofanucleus Table teibl tei bl m n bottom b tm cotton k tn Syllable cracked O nset R hyme N ucleus Co da k r k t Syllablestructure AsyllablethathasnocodaiscalledanopensyllableAsyllablewithcodaisaclosedsyllable Opensyllableandclosedsyllable InEnglish theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants whilethecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants aim eim spread spred sixths siks s English C C C V C C C C Chinese C v C Maximalonsetprinciple Whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda National n n l 2 5 2stress Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable Intranscription araisedverticalline isoftenusedbeforethesyllableitrelatesto Stressrelativenotion stressedsyllablesvsunstressedsyllablesAtthewordlevelAtthesentencelevel Atthewordlevel itonlyappliestothewordswithatleasttwosyllables Forlongwords thereareoftentwostressedsyllables primarystressedandsecondarystressedsyllables munication k mju ni kei n epiphenomenal epif n min l Atthesentencelevel Ingeneralsituation notionalwordsarenormallystressedwhilestructuralwordsareunstressed eg Iwasthinkingofyouallthetime Inprinciple stressmayfallonanywordoranysyllabletoexpressemphasis surpriseect eg Johnboughtaredbicycle Johnboughtaredbicycle Johnboughtaredbicycle Johnboughtaredbicycle Johnboughtaredbicycle 2 5 3Intonation Intonationreferstothetotalpatternofpitchchanges i e therisingandfallingofthevoicewhenapersonisspeaking withinanutterance Typesofintonationpatterns rising fallingandfalling rising Therisingtoneattheendisoftenusedforaskingyes noquestionsandshowingpolitenessorsurprise e g Areyousure Excuseme Thefallingtoneisoftenusedforcompletesentence Iamverypleasedwithit 陈述句 Whatareyoureading 特殊疑问句 Handsup please 祈使句 Doyouwantacupofcoffeeortea 选择疑问句 Butthefallingtonesometimesleadstorudenessandabruptness Thefall risetoneinEnglishtypicallyinvolvesthemeaningofacontrastwithinalimitedsetofitemsstatedexplicitlyorimplicitly e g Sheisbeautiful isn thernameMary No Jenny 2 5 4Tone