浅析英文文献阅读.ppt

浅析英文文献阅读方法 康静 英文文献的特点 研究内容具有前瞻性研究方法具有严谨性多学科交叉水平高 阅读英文文献的基本要求 词汇post secondaryprimaryeducation elementaryeducationSecondaryeducation middleschool juniorseniorhighschool Post secondaryeducation highereducation语法 S V O 背景知识 阅读英文文献的基本方法 十问 阅读英文文献的结构 标题摘要 关键字引言分析与讨论结语 结论 参考文献 阅读英文文献的方法 通过标题把握文章主题及研究方向 TransnationalHigherEducationinChina towardsacriticalculturalistresearchagendaBuildingastudentloanschemeinChina FivelessonsfromtheUSstudentloansystemOrganizationalCultureinHigherEducation DefiningtheEssentials 阅读英文文献的方法 通过摘要获取文章大意 TheUSiswellknownforitsrelianceonhavingmanyofitsstudentspayingformostorsometimesthefullcostsofenrollmentinhighereducationinstitutions bothpublicandprivate Thecomplexityofthisstudentcontributionschemeisoftenlostonforeignobservers manywhofocusonseeminglyinsurmountablyhighstudentdebtlevels However therearepotentiallessonsregardinghowtheUShasapproachedstudentfinancialaidovertime IntheUS thestudentloanmarketof 460billionandastudentloanhistorystretchingoverdecadesisaccompaniedbyexpertiseinlendingfacilitiestohelpstudentspayforthecostsoftheirdegrees Asinanypolicy thisexpertisewasoftenaccumulatedthrough trialanderror andshapedbyanAmericanculturalgenerallymoreacceptingofpersonaldebtthaninotherpartsoftheworld AtimelypictureoftheUSstudentloanschemeisbeneficialtoChinaasitisexpandingitsstudentloanscheme TheUSmovedfromlargelyalowtuitionandstudentgrantschemeprevalentinthe1960s toalargelygovernmentandprivatesectorloanprogrambythe1980s Howhasthissystemworked Whatpolicyadventsandexperimentsmighthelpinformpolicymakingintheareaoffinancialaid Thispaperdoesnotaimtopromoteperfunctorypolicyemulation Althoughrecentlegislativechangeshavebroughtnecessarysimplifications theopacityoftheUSstudentloanschemestillmakesitdifficultforstudentstochoosethemostcostefficientwaytoinvestintheireducation Instead thispaperpresentsfivekeylessonsfromtheUSstudentloansystemtoinformthedesignofagenericstudentloansystem BuildingastudentloanschemeinChina FivelessonsfromtheUSstudentloansystem 阅读英文文献的方法 通过引言获取文章大意 WithChinabeingnowthelargestsourcecountryforinternationalymobilestudents transnationalhighereducationisalsophenomenalontheChinesesoil ByApril2011 thereare579licensed bytheMinistryofEducation TNHEprogramsorinstitutionsatbachelor sdegreeleveloraboveinChina operatedjointlybetweenChineseuniversitiesandtheirforeignpartners MOE 15April2011 Therecouldbeevenmoreatsub degreelevel whicharesubjecttoapprovalbylocaleducationauthoritiesandbecomehardtotracedown Theycomeinevitablywithmanyconcomitantissuesandchallenges which inturn havestirredanincreasingresearchinterest Theresearchsofar however focusesonaspectsofpoliciesorpolicychangesofChinesegovernmentandoperationalissuesattheinstitutionallevel TherearefewattemptstoquestionorchallengewhythesetransnationalhighereducationactivitiesarehappeningonChinesesoil whethertheybringinwhatisneededbyChinesesocietyandhighereducation andhowtheymaycontributetotheprogressofChinesesystem Putinanotherway thecurrentresearchseemstohaveproclaimedthedoominantTNHEpatternsandpracticesarefineandthusthefocusshouldbeplacedontheirimprovements ThispaperattemptstofilloutthisgapbysuggestingacriticalculturalistresearchagendaontransnationalhighereducationinChina andcitesuchperspectivesasneo liberalism post colonialismandtheculturalistapproachaspotentialtheoreticaltoolsthatunderpinsucharesearchagenda TransnationalHigherEducationinChina towardsacriticalculturalistresearchagenda 摘要与引言阅读技巧 掌握摘要与引言的特点 精炼 概括性 把握摘要与引言部分的逻辑结构着重阅读摘要和引言部分的总结性话语 阅读英文文献的方法 分析与研究正文部分解读作者观点 英文文献正文部分分析与讨论的特点 框架清晰明了 逻辑结构严谨各个部分相对而言较为独立各个部分基本采用 总 分 的论述结构数据及例证翔实研究方法严谨 TransnationalHigherEducationinChina towardsacriticalculturalistresearchagenda IntroductionTheContext CharacteristicsandTrendsofTNHEinChinaTheParadoxesArisingfromProliferationofTNHEEstablishmentsinChinaTheArisingConflictofInterestsbehindtheSceneTowardsaCriticalCulturalistResearchAgendaConcludingThoughts 正文分析与研究部分阅读技巧 通过每一部分的小标题掌握该部分的主旨大意快速浏览把握分析讨论的数据和例证针对质量较高的文献作具体分析掌握 分 合 的分析方法 阅读英文文献的方法 通过阅读结尾部分明确作者观点与获取研究信息 英文文献结尾特征 高度概括和总结文章主旨大意 重申作者观点提出对研究对象的进一步思考 BuildingastudentloanschemeinChina FivelessonsfromtheUSstudentloansystem ConclusionThe2010federallegislationledtomajorchangesintheUS Itendedtheroleofprivatelendersasintermediaries Butstudentloansourcesremaindiverse Federalloansareintendedlargelyforlowandlower middleincomestudents Privatebanksofferarangeofcommercialloansforotherstudentsandtheirfamilies arolethathasincreasedatthesametimeasthecostoftuitioninbothprivateandpublicuniversitiesandcolleges AndasmanyAmericanfamilieshavegenerallybeenmoreinclinedtotakeondebtforagreatvarietyofcosts althoughattheendoftheprocess studentshavetorepaytheaccumulateddebt 总结分析美国学生贷款制度 BuildingastudentloanschemeinChina FivelessonsfromtheUSstudentloansystem ThisbriefpreliminarysummaryofthecomplexevolutionoftheUSstudentloansystemoffersfivelessonstoinformthedesignofastudentloanscheme Thesefivelessonsincluded 1 Preferringauniquepubliclymanagedschemesetupatthestartoflendingactivitiesoverincrementalstreamliningfromavarietyofpublicandprivateloans TheUSfederalgovernmenthadtofightdeeplyentrenchedinterestsandittookamajoreconomicrecessiontobeabletoreformacostlyandcomplexsystemofstudentloans 2 Limitingtheintermediariesinvolved Theseintermediariesneedtobepaidvariousfeesandincreasethenumberofadministrativestepsbeforetheloanreachesstudents 3 Controllingtherisksassociatedwiththe necessary involvementofthefinancialmarketbymanagingthedebtthroughgovernmentbondissuanceinsteadofguaranteedasset backedsecurities4 Facilitatingstudent saccesstoinformation 5 Finally anticipatingunintendedconsequenceswhichwilltaketheformofareductionofresourcesavailabletohighereducationatotherlevelsofgovernance 总结文章主要观点 五点启示 BuildingastudentloanschemeinChina FivelessonsfromtheUSstudentloansystem TheselessonsareapplicabletotheChinesestudentloanscheme ThederegulationofhighereducationandcouplingofanincreaseinfeeswithhigherloanswillleadChinatofacevarioussimilarissuestotheUS includingconsideringstreamliningloanstructures combiningchangingculturaldebtaversiontomaintainingsocialequity aswellasfindingwaystomanagedebtandpotentiallyrelyingonfinancialmarkets ThecapacityoftheChinesegovernmenttotakeupthesechallengesdependsonvariousfactors includingthewillingnessofnationallyimplantedactorstoadapttoashiftawayfromcentrallyprovidedhighereducationtoahighercostsharingwithstudentsthroughloans culturalfactorssuchasattitudestowardriskaswellasthesocialpurposethatgovernmentsseektoachievebysettingupsuchscheme 分析中国情况 再一次点明文章主旨 TransnationalHigherEducationinChina towardsacriticalculturalistresearchagenda ConcludingThoughtsWithapplicationofthesetheoreticaltools researchontransnationalhighereducationinChinamayneedandbeabletoexploremorefundamental questionsthatbearfar reachingsignificanceandimpact ratherthanrelativelyshort rangepolicyandoperationalissues Inotherwords acriticalresearchagendaneedstobedevelopedtodigdeepintothedriversandfactorsbehindthesceneofoperationalpatterns andlookintothepossiblityofdifferentorientations Includedonthisagendashouldbequestionslikethefollowing 提出问题 提供信息 TransnationalHigherEducationinChina towardsacriticalculturalistresearchagenda WhatareChina sevolvingeducationalneedsforthesakeofnationalcapacitybuilding InwhatsensecanTNHEeffectivelyhelptomeettheneeds Towhatextentshouldtheeducationalneedsfornationalcapacitybuildingbemetbylocalinstitutionsandbyforeignproviders InthecurrentcircumstanceofChinesehighereducation wherethemovetoamsssystemisrecentlyaccomplished whichis however hierarchicallydifferntiated whatformorcombinationofformsofforeignprovision e g franchising twinning offshorecampus wouldsuitChina sneedsbetterorbest HavethemajorprovidercountriesdevelopedexplicitanddifferentpoliciesandpatternsforexecutingTNHEactiviesinChina Ifso arethereanydifferencesamongthosecountries Arethereanywaysinwhichtheirpoliciesandpatternsarelinkedtotheirpreviousaid basededucationalcollaborationswithChinaopeneditsdoortotheoutsideworldinthelate1970sorevenearlier Arethereanycomplementarystrengths interestsandsynergiesbetweentheChinesesystemandtheprovidersystem Ifyes howaretheSynergiesevolvedovertheyears HowcanTNHEhelpdevelopcross borderresearchcollaborationsthatfacilitateknowledgetransferandexpansionofChina sintellectualandtechnologicalcapacity InwhatsensecantheTNHEarrangementscanbeused andeffectively asChina splatformforbraingaincirculation InwhatsensecantheTNHEarrangementshelpchanneltheChineseideasandthoughtstotheworldcommunity TransnationalHigherEducationinChina towardsacriticalculturalistresearchagenda Thisiscertainlynotanexhaustivelist butonlyserveasastart ThetheoreticalperspectivescitedabovemayhelpopenupawiderspectrumofresearchtopicspertainingtoTNHEphenomenainChina andtakethediscussionandanalysistoanewdepth Relatedtothispoints anotheroneisthattheTNHEresearchshouldnotbelimitedtothedomainofeducationalstudies inparticularpolicystudiesineducation Rather itshouldbeopenedupasaninterdisciplianryarea involvingnotonlyeducationresearchersbutalsothosefromavarietyofrelevantfieldssuchasglobalizaitonstudies politicalscience economics sinology culturalstudies history phiosophy anthropology andsiciology TheproposedcriticalculturalistresearchagendaandinterdisiciplinaryapproachmaypromisethepossibilityofinvestigatingeachandeveryfacetorlayersofTNHEphenomenainChina beingitpoliticaloreconomical culturalorhistorical andtheopportun