《写作讲座系列》PPT课件.ppt

写作讲座 I 写作概述 基本要求1 篇幅 120 150字达不到字数要求的 要酌情扣1 5分 90 99扣1分 80 90扣2分 70 79扣3分 60 69扣5分 2 布局 三段式只写一段为0 4分 只写两段0 9分 3 评分标准 2分 条理不清 思路紊乱 语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误 但多数为严重错误 5分 基本切题 表达思想不清楚 连贯性差 有较多的严重语言错误 8分 基本切题 有些地方表达思想不过清楚 文字勉强连贯 语言错误相当多 其中有一些是严重错误 11分 切题 表达思想清楚 文字连贯 但有少量语言错误 14分 切题 表达思想清楚 文字通顺 连贯性较好 基本上无语言错误 仅有个别小错误 例如 1 有人认为机会是极少的2 有人认为机会人人都有3 我的看法Sample1Astotheopportunity thereistwodifferentopinions first someonethinktheopportunityislittleintheirlife Secondly someoneconsiderthatopportunityisexistingeverywhereeverybodyhassomekindsofchance Accordingtomylifeexperimentand knowledgeIagreewiththesecondidea Thereischanceforeveryoneinsomeunexpectedcase Butifyouhasnopreparingforit theopportunitywilllose Thosewhohavemanypreparationandmuchknowledge andsomegoodvirtue mayIquiptheopportunityfirmly Forexample twomanareappealingforajobinacompany andthereisonlyonevacantjobfortheonlyoneofthetwoman How thetwomanhasanopportunitytogetthe Jobbutthebosscertainlywouldacceptthegoodone SoIthinktheopportunityisexistingtoeveryone butmoreopportunityisbelongstowhohasknowledge experience encourageandconfident 该篇文章条理不清 思想紊乱 语言支离破碎 几乎没有正确的句子 得2分 Sample2Someonethinksthattheopportunityisveryfewforhimbecausehehasnevermeetthechance Butotheronethinkstherearechanceshereandthere theneveryonecanmeetopportunity Iresistthesecondopinion Theretoaresomeopportunities theimportantthingisthatifwecouldcatchthechancewhenwemeetit Inourliveswehavealotofchoicethatneedustakeourheartto Forexample whenIwasalittleboy myhealthwasverybad Onedayateacheradvisemetojointhebasketballwithmyfriends Myhealthbecomewell SoIthinkthereareopportunitiesforeveryone 该篇文章基本切题 但思想表达不清楚 有很多严重的语言错误 属于5分档 Sample3Somepeoplethinkthattheylackofopportunities whileothersthinkthateveryonewillfacetosomeones Iagreetothelatter Infact wearelivingonthesameworld Mostofusmustdealwithalotofthingseveryday Somepeople scircumstancesareeventhesame sodotheopportunities However whysomeonecangraspitbutotherscannot Allthis dependsonthecarefulobservationandgraspingtheopportunityintime Forinstance westudentsinourcollege whosecircumstancearethesame Weallshouldstudyalotofcoursesbeforewegraduate Butsomeofusstudyhardinordertolearnmoreandwell whilesomedon t Intheend thehard workingstudentsgetthebetterjobs Atthattime therearesomestudentswhohavebeenplayingallthetimewillsay thattheylackofopportunities Asweknowthatthehard workingstudentsmakethebestuseoftheirtimeandtheyobserveeverythingaroundthemcarefully sothattheycangrasptheopportunitiesintime Inaword theopportunityisequaltoeveryday andwhetherwecangraspitornotiscritical 该篇文章基本切题 有些地方表达不清 文字勉强连贯 但语言错误较多 其中有一些为严重错误 属于11分档 Sample4Peoplehavedifferentviewsonopportunity Somethinkthattherearefewopportunitiesforthemintheworld whileothersholdthateverybodywillhavesomekindofchancesinhisorherlife AsfarasIamconcerned Iamforthelatter Peoplewhoclaimthattheydon thavegoodluckmaybethosewhoarenotabletotakechances Maybetheyfailtorecognizeopportunitiesevenwhentheyareinfrontofthem However wisemanwisemencan seekopportunitiesratherthanwaitforchancestoappear Forexample almosteverybodyhadwatchedapplesfallingfromappletrees butonlyNewtondiscoveredtheLawofGravity Infact noonecanbedeniedoftheaccesstoopportunity Peoplemayhavegoodlucksometimes butnoonecanbeluckyallthetime Asasayinggoes everydoghasitsday Soeverybodycanhaveachancetosucceed Sowecanconcludethateverybodyhastheopportunitytosucceed butitisuptohimselftotakeit 该篇文章切题 思想表达清楚 文章结构条理 行文连贯 符合逻辑 属于14分档作文 4 行文要求1 切题 统一 无不相关细节内容 Beethoven sdemandforperfectionmeantlongandhardwork UnlikeMozart hecouldn tdashoffthreegreatsymphoniesinsixweeks Itdoesn tmeanhewasnotastalentedasMozart Beethoven smusicwasdifferentfromMozart s Sometimeheworkedyearsonasinglesymphony writingotherworksatthesametime Hecarriedmusic sketchbookseverywhere jottingdownnewideas revisingandrefiningoldones Theseearlynotesoftenseemcrudeanduninspiredwhencomparedwiththeirfinalversions whichwerehammeredoutthroughgreatlabor Beethovenwasofteninpoverty thoughheproducedgreatmusic 本段文字中红体部分显然与主题Beethoven sdemandforperfectionmeantlongandhardwork 无关 应该去掉 2 条理清楚 连贯 和谐 注意衔接语的使用Intheirhurrytogetpracticalpreparationsforacareer studentsoftenoverlooktheliberalartscollege Yet therearegoodreasonswhytheyshouldconsideraliberalartsschool evenifgettingajobistheirmainconcern Foronething learningitselfmaybemoreexcitinginaliberalartscollegefortheitscourseismoreflexiblethanthatofatechnicalschool Thus studentsmaydobetterintheircourseandearnhighergrades whichwillcertainlymakethemmoreattractivetoemployers Moreimportant aliberalartseducationisthemostlikelytodevelopone sabilitytothink toread andwrite whichbusinessandindustryarecomingtovaluemoreandmore Finally studentsshouldrealizethataliberalartseducationhasalwaysbeenapreferredpathfortopprofessions law medicine government andeducation 3 简洁 句子要简练 4 准确 减少语法错误 符合英语的表达习惯 避免汉语式英语 5 卷面 整洁 B 四六级英语写作类型1 体裁 说明文 议论文最近几年的四六级作文的体裁以说明文和议论文为主 说明文如 HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview 2000 12 四级 HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation 2000 1四级 PracticeMakesPerfect HasteMakesWaste 97 1六级 议论文如 Don tHesitatetoSay NO 99 1四级和六级 CanMoney BuyHappiness 95 1四级 IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary 2000 6四级 ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively 99 6六级 Do LuckyNumbers ReallyBringGoodLuck 98 6四级和六级 2 段落类型 比较 对比 列举 程序等说明和议论文章所采用的文章扩展模式一般以比较 对照 举例 列举 因果 程序等者居多 如 Don tHesitatetoSay NO ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively等很多四六级写作中都涉及到两种观点的对比 整体的段落类型为对照型 PracticeMakesPerfect HarmfulnessofFakeCommodities等可采用因果行的段落结构模式 也可以采用举例说明的结构模式 AdvantagesofaJobInterview则应采用列举的段落扩展模式 3 出题方式 提纲式写作 中文提纲 一般为三句或两句 如 99年1月分考题Directions Forthispart youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic Don tHesitatetoSay NO Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline giveninChinese below 别人请求帮助时 在什么情况下我们会说 不 2 为什么有些人在该说 不 的时候不说 不 3 该说 不 时不说 不 的坏处 再如 98年一月分考题Directions Forthispart youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic HarmfulnessofFakeCommodities Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyour compositionontheoutline giveninChinese below 1 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品 fakecommodities 为什么会有这种现象 2 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人 社会等的危害 II 写作要领 短文写作应能 1 做到语法 拼写 标点正确 用词恰当 2 遵循文章的特定文体格式 3 合理组织文章结构 使其内容统一 连贯 4 根据写作目的和特定读者 恰当选用语言 考生应根据提示信息写出不少于120词的短文 提示信息的形式有主题句 写作提纲 规定情景 图 表等 一般说来 短文包括引言段 introduction 正文 body或development 和结论段 conclusion 1 引言段对短文的主题进行简要的介绍以引起读者的兴趣 并说明短文要讨论的问题 2 正文对引言段中提出的论题通过描述 对比 举例等手段进行论述 3 在结论段中 考生应综合上述内容进一步明确主题以及阐明自己的观点或评论 A 短文的结构 段落一般包括主题句 topicsentence 扩展句或称阐述句 supportingsentence 和结论句 concludingsentence 主题句说明段落的主题 扩展句使主题句的意思和论点更具体 但要从属于主题句 结论句总括全段 是由扩展句归纳或推理出来的结论性认识 主题句大多位于段首 这有利于紧扣主题 但主题句位于段末可产生强烈的效果 加深对中心思想的印象 B 段落的结构 1 演绎法 deductionorganization 演绎法是从一般到具体推理的写作方法 其主题句位于段落的开头 点明段落的中心思想 而其后续的句子为拓展句 围绕主题而写 最后为结论句 进一步概括和提升华主题 e g Self confidence C 段落写作方法 Self confidence1 Self confidenceisverynecessarytoyoursuccessinlife 2 Foronething ithelpskeepyoucalm fromtheverybeginning inthefaceofwhatyouareunfamiliarwith 3 Moreoftenthannot youfeelconfusedatthethoughtofsomethingforeigntoyou butselfconfidencecangiveyouenoughcouragetofaceuptoit 4 Foranother ithelpsyoutodrawuponmoreofyourpotentials 5 Wheneverthingsgowrong inthecourseofyourstruggle self confidenceenablesyoutoplayyourcardsbetterthanissupposedto 6 Inshort self confidenceisoneofthedecisivecontributorstoyoursuccessinanything 2 归纳法 inductionorganization 归纳法是从具体到一般推理的写作方法 其主题句位于段尾 表明作者的观点 是全段的中心思想 而之前的句子用于阐明结论性观点的根由和依据 Self confidence1 Youneedself confidencetomeetthechallengesofeverythingnewinlife 2 Oncefacedwithanythingunfamiliartoyou youcanfeelself confidenceatwork foritenablesyoutogetitunderyourcontrol 3 Furthermore youneedself confidencetoliftyououtofanydifficultsituation 4 Itoftenhappensthatyourunintomanytroublesonyour waytothefinalgoal andinthiscase self confidenceorthestrongwilltosucceedgivesfullerplaytoyourcapacities thuschangingthethingsforthebetter 5 Tosumup therefore self confidenceservesasadecisivefactorforyoursuccessinlife 3 无主题句段 此类段落的主题思想已在上段的结尾句阐明 故其段首句则直接切入要论述的具体内容 OntheWar1 Likeitornot thewarsliketheIraqionehavebeenpartofhumansociety 2 Abackwardlookatthelast50years forexample canfindthatthehumansocietyasawholehassufferedcountlesswars likeKoreanWar VietnamWar thewarbetweenArabandIsraeli thewarbetweenIraqandIran theGulfWar theYugoslaviaWar etc 3 Tokeepthemfarawayfromourpeacefullifeforever itisnecessarytoturnourattentionfirsttotheircauses 无主题句段 4 Onemajorfactorforthewarsistheswellingofonecountry sambitionforworldorregionalconquest 5 Drivenbysuchaboundlessambition thecountry to invadetriestofindoneormoreexcusestostartawar suchasterrorism humanrights nuclearthreat axispowersofevil etc 6 Anotherfactorarisesfromtheproblemthatthecountry to be invaded likeYugoslavia iscursedwithaturbulentsociety whichinturninvitesthe interferencefromamoredangerouswolf 7 Andthemostbasicfactorliesinthefactthatthevictimcountryisfarfromstrongtowintheforthcomingwar 8 IfIraqhadbeenasstrongasorstrongerinmilitarycapabilitiesthantheUnitedStates forinstance therewouldnothavebeensuchawarasintheMiddleEast 9 Themostpressingforusnow therefore ishowtopreventthemfrom breakingoutinthefuture 10 Frommyangleofview thebestcourseofactionopentousistodevelopournationintoonestrongenoughtorepeltheinvasionfromanyenemycountry 11 Forthisgoaltoturnintoreality however thereismuchneedtokeepoursocietystableandpeaceful 12 Inshort wherethereisbetterpreparationagainstawar thereislessriskofitsoutbreak 综上所述 段落写作应该注意以下几点 段首句通常是主题句 介绍段落的主题 要通过罗列 引证 递进 因果 对比等段落拓展手法围绕主题句来写扩展句 最后一句要尽量作一个概括或其他类似的结尾 并注意和下段的衔接 D 实现连贯性的方法 罗列法 listing first ly second ly third ly andlastly finally aboveallInthefirstplace inthesecond andinthelast foronething foranother andstillforanother MyLoveforYou1 Myloveforyoucanbestatedfromthreeperspectives 2 First yourheartisaspureaspurecanbe asconfirmedinyoursympathyforthedisabled 3 Second youreyesarerichwithemotions whichwilladdnolittletoourromanticlife 4 Andaboveall whatyouhavedoneformeismakingmemoreandmorehungryforyou 5 Inoneword thereisnotanygirlintheworldwhoismoreattractivetomethanyou 2 引证法 exemplification forexample forinstancesuchas likeacaseinpoint anothercaseinpointtociteanexample toquoteanotherexampletobemoreconcrete toputitinmoredetail OnHonesty1 Thereisasharpdeclineofhonestyinoursociallife 2 Forexample theabsenceofhonestyinbusinesshasgivenrisetothefloodoffakegoodsinourmarkets 3 Tociteanotherexample thelackofhonestyinourofficialcircleshasledtomoreandmorecorruptofficials 4 Clearly honestyhasgoneoutofmuchofoursociallife whichiswellworthmoreofourconcern 3 递进法 addition besides inaddition moreover furthermore what smoresimilarly likewise Thesameistrueof Thesameholdstruefor inthesamewaymeanwhile atthesametime inthemeantime concurrently Onlyinthiswaycansth sb Practicemakesperfect1 Practicemakesperfect 2 Themorepracticeyoumakeofsomething thebetteryouwillbeatdoingit 3 ThesameholdstrueforyourEnglishlearning 4 Inthecourseofwhich youhavetopracticespeaking listening reading writingsoastomakeyourselfmasterofthelanguage 5 OnlythroughsufficientpracticecanyoustandthechanceofperfectingyourselfinEnglish HowtoAdaptYourselftotheFuture1 Tobuildupyouradaptabilitytothefuturelife tomymind youmustenrichyourselfwithasmuchspecializedknowledgeaspossible 2 Andmeanwhile youhavetofindenoughtimetofamiliarizeyourselfwiththeprogressofthesocietyinwhichyoulive 3 Onlyinthiswaycanyouknowhowtoadjustyourprocessofknowledgeseeking thusensuringasoundpathofstudyforyourself 4 因果法 causeandeffect 从属连词 because since as nowthat seeingthat forthereasonthat consideringthat onthegroundsthat notthat butthat 引导结果的副词 therefore so thus hence accordingly consequently asaresult ofit asaconsequence引导原因的介词短语 becauseof dueto owingto thanksto onaccountof asaresultof byvirtueof引出结果的动词 短语 cause leadto resultin bringabout giveriseto引出原因的动词短语 resultfrom comeof bearesultof beaproductof stemfrom derivefrom comefrom arisefrom 1 Thebirthofcarshasalsobroughtaboutsomedisadvantagesalongwithit 2 Muchoftheenvironmentalpollutionresultsfromthecarexhaust 3 Andevenworse moreandmoretrafficaccidentsareproductsofthepoorqualityofthecarsinvolvedortheterribleskillsofthecardrivers 4 Nowondersomemindscannothelpsighingwithdeepemotion Thecarisoneoftheworstinventionsmadebyman 5 对比法 comparisonandcontrast Ontheonehand butontheother Fromonesideofthecoin butfromtheothersidewhile whereas but yet however allthesame neverthelessbycontrast incontrasttothat bycomparison onthecontrary beacontrasttoItistruethat but Itgoeswithoutsayingthat but Thereisnodenyingthat but TheHonestOfficialandtheCorruptOfficial1 Priortoholdingapost thehonestofficial to beconcentrateshisthoughtsonhowtoliveuptothepeople sexpectations ifpromotedtothatplace 2 But onthecontrary thecorruptofficial to bebusieshisbrainsabouthowtoreapmoreprofitfromthepositiontowhichheistoclimb 3 Duringhisperiodof office thehonestofficialfulfillshisdutywithallhisheart lestthemassesofthepeopleshouldvoiceevenatraceofcomplaint whilethecorruptofficialprideshimselfonactingwillfully leadingaluxuriouslifeorhelpinghimselfillegallytothepublicmoney withtheinterestsofthepeopleplacedbehindhismind 4 Judgingfromthispointofview ourformerPremierZhuRong jiisasharpcontrasttothoselikeChenXi tong andLiZhen 5 Afterthehonestofficialretiresfromhisdutyandthecorruptoneremovedfromhisoffice however thereappearsanotherdifferentscene 6 Thosewhooncehungonthecorruptstayawayfromhimasifafallingtreesawthemonkeysscatter whereasthehonestofficialcomesagainamongthepeople morerespectable leavingbehindhimalegacyofideasandexamples 议论文写作要求 Para 1 主题引入Para 2 主题分析Para 3 主题进一步分析 III 议论文写作技巧 1 原因分析类议论文 Para 1 主题引入Para 2 原因分析Para 3 进一步分析 III 议论文写作技巧 ChangesinthePrivateandPublicHousing 写作模式 图表作文 1 Ascanbeseenfromthegraph table therehavebeensharpchangesinhousingoverthepast20years 2 Tobeconcrete theprivatehousingonlymadeup10percentofallthehousingin1980whilethisratioroseupto65in2000 3 Thesechangesareencouraging butthecausesforthemarenothardtofindout Para I 注 划线部分可被替换 下一页 上一页 4 Inthefirstplace thedevelopmentofoureconomyhasmadegreatdifferencesto 原因I 5 Withasteadyincreasein moreandmorepeoplecanwellaffordto 进一步阐述 6 Inthesecond people sdesirefor hasbecomestrongerandstronger 原因II 7 Whentheyarenolonger peoplehaveeveryreasonto 进一步阐述 8 Inthethird themoveto intermsof hasservedasagoodincentivefor 原因III 9 Asaresultofthis 进一步阐述 Para II 注 划线部分可被替换 下一页 上一页 10 Thelistofcausescouldgoon buttheyarealreadysufficientenoughtoindicatethattheireffectsonoursocietyaswellasonindividualsarepositiveandprofound 11 Thesechangesnotonly butalso 12 Withmoreandmoreimprovementin Ifirmlybelieve thistrendwill Para III 注 划线部分可被替换 下一页 上一页 ChangesinPeople sHousing 1 Ascanbeseenfromthegraph therehavebeengreatchangesinhousingoverthepast20years 2 Tobeconcrete theprivatehousingonlymadeup10percentofallthehousingin1980whilethisratioroseupto65in2000 3 Thesechangesareencouraging butthecausesforthemarenothardtofind Para I 注 划线部分可被替换 下一页 上一页 4 Inthefirstplace thedevelopmentofoureconomyhasmadegreatdifferencestopeople slivingconditions 5 Withasteadyincreaseintheirincome moreandmorepeoplecanwellaffordtobuyhousesoftheirown 6 Inthesecond people sdesireforbetteringtheirlifehasbecomestrongerandstronger 7 Whentheyarenolongeranxiousabouthowto 下一页 上一页 easetheirhunger peoplehaveeveryreasontofocustheirmoneyonhousing 8 Inthethird themovetoprovidehousingintermsofmoneyhasservedasagoodincentiveforthefurtherdevelopmentofoureconomy 9 Asaresultofthis ourhousingindustryandotherassociateindustrieshavegotintoavirtuouscycle Para II 注 划线部分可被替换 下一页 上一页 10 Thelistofcausescouldgoon buttheyarealreadysufficientenoughtoindicatethattheireffectsonoursocietyaswellasonindividualsarepositiveandprofound 11 Thesechangeshavenotonlycreatedagoodclimateforsustainabledevelopmentofeconomybutalsopushedpeopletochangetheirlifeforthebetter 12 Withmoreandmoreimprovementinhousingpolicies Ifirmlybelieve thistrendwillbringabetterlooktooursociety Para III 注 划线部分可被替换 下一页 上一页 ChangesintheAgeDistributionofDrugAddicts 1 Ascanbeseenfromthegraph therehavebeensharpchangesintheagedistributionofdrugaddicts 2 Tobeconcrete theteenageaddictsonlymadeup10percentofallthedrugstersin1982whiletheratioroseupto65in2002 3 Thesechangesaremostdistressing butthecausesarenothardtofindout Referencemodel ChangesintheAgeDistributionofDrugAddicts 下一页 上一页 4 Inthefirstplace thedevelopmentofmarket basedeconomyhasmadegreatdifferencestopeople sconceptofmoney 5 Withasuddenandfatprofitmadeindrugdeals moreandmorepeople includingteenagers getinvolvedinsuchdirtybusiness 6 Inthesecond teenagers desireforadventurehasbecomestrongerandstronger 7 Whentheyarenolongerconfinedwithin 下一页 上一页 theirparents supervision theyhaveeveryreasontorunanyrisk includingdrug taking butoncecaughtinthetrap theyfinditimpossibletoliftthemselvesoutofit 8 Inthethird themovetopublicizetheharmfulnessofdrugsisfarfromperfect 9 Asaresultofthis manyteenagershavebeentooignorantofdrugstokeepthemselvesfreefromthelureofthedrugtraffickers 上一页 10 Thelistofcausescouldgoon buttheyarealreadyenoughtoindicatethattheeffectsofthechangesonoursocietyarenegativeandprofound 11 Thesechangeshavenotonlyformedagreatthreattothestabilityofoursocietybutalsosuggestedthatwewillhavealongerwaytocovertokeepourchildrenawayfromdrugs 12 Withnotenoughimprovementmadeinthisproblem Iamafraid thistrendwillbringgreaterdisasterstooursociety 上一页 ChangesinPrivateCars1 分析图中的变化 2 试说明发生变化的原因 3 指出这些变化的社会影响 1 Ascanbeseenfromthegraphabove therehavebeendramaticchangesinprivatecarsduringthepasttwentyyears 2 Tobemoreexact Toputitinadetailedway onlytenoutoftenthousandfamiliesenjoyedtheownershipofcarsin1982 whereastheratioroseupto180 10000in2002 3 Togetabettersenseofthesechanges let sfirstturntotheircauses 4 Amongthecontributorstothechanges inmyopinion threeonesshoutlouderthanothers threemajoronesshoulddrawmoreofourattention 5 Firstofall withthesteadyimprovementofoureconomyandrapidgrowthofpeople sincome moreandmorefamiliescanwell affordtobuytheirowncars 6 Besides thepricesofcarsduetomassproductionandChina sentryintoWTOhavebeendroppingalltheseyears thusmakingitpossibleformanywage earnerstorealizetheirlong feltdreams 7 Andaboveall moreandmoreChinesepeoplehavecometoenjoytheirlifetothefull 8 Whenpeoplearenolongerworriedabouthowtofilltheirbelliesandwheretofindshelter theirlifehasnow