工程心理学ppt课件.ppt

EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 工程心理学与人类行为 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 2 Features Interesting趣Significant益Hard难 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 3 IntroductionofBi languageCourse EnglishtextbookEnglishPPTChinese Englishoralpresentation100basicEnglishglossaries 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 4 Introductionofthetextbook 以人的认知信息加工心理学为基础 系统阐述与工程技术设计有关的心理学问题 理论性强 与技术设计联系密切 引用大量的工程心理学实验结果 立论依据充足 科学性强 内容新颖 引用的文献大多反映最近10年来美国工程心理学的研究成果 ChristopherD Wickens JustinG Hollands出版社 PrenticeHall 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 5 Referencebooks C D Wickens J G Hollands著 朱主祥等译 工程心理学与人的作业 华东师范大学出版社 2002 美 唐纳德 A 诺曼著 梅琼译 设计心理学 中信出版社 2003方俐洛 于国丰 汪慧丽 工程心理学 团结出版社 1989 Chapter1 IntroductiontoEngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 7 Overview Whatispsychology Science study ofthemindanditsprocesses Humanpsychology Animalpsychology Childpsychology Engineeringpsychology Societypsychology 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 8 WhatisEngineeringPsychology Reduceerror 减少错误 Promoteproductivity 提高生产率 Increasesafetyandcomfort 增加安全性和舒适度 Abranchofpsychology usingpsychologyinengineering 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 9 Engineeringpsychology When Where Why What How 20Century50sWorldWarII USA 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 10 Why 3Motivations Practicalneeds 实践需要 trainingthehumantofitthemachines designingthemachinestofitthehuman InWorldWarII AfterWorldWarII Aircraftaccidentswithwell trainedoperators Table1 Psychologistsanalyzedtheoperator machineinterface 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 11 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 12 Why 3Motivations Technologyevolutionarytrends 科技进步 Morerapid morecomplex moreandmoreinterrelatedelements forcingthedesignertoconsiderthedistributionoftasksbetweenhumanandmachines 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 13 Why 3Motivations Informationtheoryandcybernetics 信息论和控制论 InformationtheoryCybernetics 控制论 Stimulus responselanguageofbehaviorpsychology Terms feedback channelcapacitybandwidth Sametermsasmechanical electronic informationsystem helpintegratehumansandmachinesinsystemdesignandanalysis WorldWar 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 14 Applicationfield 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 15 What Researchscope Information processingcapacitiesofthehumanbrain 人脑的信息加工过程 工程心理学的目的不是简单的比较一件设备的两种可能的设计 这是人类因素学的任务 而是要说明人的能力以及限度 产生实验数据的基础 并可以根据这种能力限度直接推断并选择出一种较好的设计 Poulton 1966 注意与人因工程学的研究范畴区分开是否涉及人脑的信息加工过程 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 16 Introductionoftheteachingcontent Chapter1Introduction 工程心理学介绍 Chapter4SpatialDisplay 空间显示 Chapter5NavigationandInteractioninRealandVirtualEnvironment 现实与虚拟环境中的导航与交互 Chapter6LanguageandCommunication 语言与通讯 Chapter9SelectionofAction 行动的选择 Chapter12StressandHumanerror 应激和人为差错 Totally40hours 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 17 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 18 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 19 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 20 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 21 How ResearchMethods FieldStudies现场研究Accident IncidentReports事故 事件报告Surveys调查TaskSimulation任务模拟LaboratoryExperiments实验室研究Literature researchandhandbooks 文献Models humansimulations 模型 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 22 FieldStudies Feature evaluationsofrealusersemployingthesysteminquestion inthefield Forms videotapes userreportseg ATMvideotapes 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 23 Accident IncidentReports focusonthecauseofeventswhenthingswentwrong limitations Withoutcontrol difficulttodeterminethespecificcauseofbehavior Numberofaccidentissmall hardtodrawstatisticallyvalidconclusionsfromsmallsamples eg aviationindustry blackbox 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 24 Surveys revealuser sattitudestowardsthestrengthsandweaknessofaparticularsystem limitations Thesampleofusermaybesmallorbiased Whatpeoplelikemaynotalwayscorrespondwithwhatsupportsthebestperformance eg colordisplay 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 25 TaskSimulation capturemuchofthecomplexityinreal world offercontrolovertheeventsandcircumstancesinwhichperformanceisobserved eg drivingsimulator virtualenvironment 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 26 LaboratoryExperiments identifyandmanipulatevariablesthatareexpectedtoinfluenceperformancewiththesysteminquestion whilecontrollingothervariables Advantages suchexperimentscangenerateacrossawiderangeofdesignapplications Limitations theconditionsinthelabishighlycontrolled maynotreal 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 27 Literature researchandhandbooks not rawdata beencollectedbyothersandcompliedinliteratureorindesignprinciplesandstandards Note thecontextoftheprincipleorstandardisappropriateforthecontextofthecurrentproduct 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 28 Models humansimulations aspecialcaseofdataprovidedbyliteratureandhandbooks Designparameters performance ModelMathematicalequationsComputersimulations input output Question comparethe7differentresearchmethods cost easeofproductchange easeofcontrol designrelevanceofconclusions 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 29 Comparisonofdifferentresearchmethodologies 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 30 Howtostudythiscourse It snotyourfault 不是你的错 当你在使用某物品遇到麻烦时 那不是你的错 而是设计出了问题 摘自 设计心理学 2003Observecarefully 仔细观察 改变认识世界的方法 开始敏锐的观察周围的人和物 以及这两者之间的联系 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 31 PerformanceMeasurement绩效测量 4categoriesofrawdata Measuresof Speedortime emergencyshutdownswitch Workloadorcapacitydemands vehicleGPS Accuracyorerror diagnosisdevice Preference consumerproducts 2sortsofderivedmeasures Evaluatemeasures orthefigureofmerit 评价测量或价值图 haveacleardefined good or bad Strategicmeasures 全局测量 accuracy responsetime accuracy responserate Highvaluesforslowbutaccuracyperformance 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 32 人类信息处理阶段的词汇定义 Attentionresources注意力资源LongtermMemory长期记忆Workingmemory工作记忆Sensory感觉Perception知觉 感知Cognition认知Short termsensorystore STSS 短时感觉贮存ResponseSelection反应选择ResponseExecution反应执行 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 33 Fig1 1AmodelofHumaninformationprocessingstages 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 34 SensoryProcessing感觉加工 visualreceptors eyes 视觉接收器 眼 auditoryreceptors ears 听觉接收器 耳 STSS 0 5s STSS 2 4s Short termsensorystore STSS 短时感觉贮存 Atemporarymechanismforprolonging 延长 therepresentationoftherawstimulusevidencefordurationsasshortasaround0 5second visualSTSS to2 4seconds auditorySTSS 对持续时间半秒至2 4秒的原始刺激表征的暂时机制 Egs cartoonsandaninterestingexperiment see hear 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 35 Perception知觉 感知 Decodethemeaningoftherawsensorydatarelayedtothebrain 粗糙的感觉材料传入脑中 或贮存在感觉中 必须通过知觉阶段加以解释或赋予意义 Proceedsautomaticallyandrapidly requiringlittleattention Bedrivenboth bysensoryinput bottom upprocessing byinputsfromlong termmemory experience top downprocessing 2importantfeatures 例 原始刺激解码警铃 听觉 存在危险闪烁的信号灯 视觉 存在故障 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 36 Bottom upProcessing Top downProcessing Sensorydataor lower channelsofneuralinformation 感觉或较低级神经信息通道 Long termmemoryPastexperience 经验 长时记忆 Danger Danger Perception Perception harmonious HighsensoryqualityUnfamiliarcircumference Poorsensoryquality Eg thecabdriver 自下而上 自上而下 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 37 CognitionandMemory认知和记忆 Perception 存在故障 Cognition 哪个部位出了故障 Q What sthedistinctionbetweenperceptionandcognition A Cognitionrequiremoretime mentaleffort orattention Q Why CognitiveOperations rehearsal 复述 reasoning Imaging Usingworkingmemory Workingmemory avulnerable 易损的 脆弱的 temporary 暂时的 storeofactivatedinformation Note Sometimesrehearsalinworkingmemorymayleadtolong termmemory whichislessvulnerable morepermanent 永久的 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 38 ResponseSelectionandExecution Cognition Perception ResponseSelection ResponseExecution Requiringthecoordinationofthemusclesforcontrolledmotion toassurethechosengoaliscorrectlyobtained为了控制运动要对肌肉进行协调 以保证正确的获得选定的目标 Justinbrain Eg correctresponseselection Poorexecution Losecontrol 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 39 Feedback Emphasizethatthe flow ofinformationcanbeinitiatedatanypoint eg aperceivedenvironmentevent acognitivemotivation Emphasizethatthe flow ofinformationiscontinuous actioncausesperception or perceptioncausesaction turnontheradio 2007 7 EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance 40 Attention Asupplyoflimitedmentalresources Selectiveattention manymentaloperationsarenotcarriedautomaticallybutrequiretheselectiveapplicationoftheselimitedresources Dividingattention whentherearesomanytaskstoperform astrategymustbeselectedtoal