英语写作1 chapter 2 general words and specific words.ppt

Choiceofwords Diction Choiceofwords UsesuitablewordsGeneralwordsandspecificwordsAbstractwordsandconcretewordsLevelofwords Usesuitablewords Eg Theskinnywomanslinkedin 瘦的皮包骨头的女人溜了进来 Theslenderwomanglidedin 一位苗条的淑女飘然而至 Theyshouldadoptamore approachandinvestigatealternativeusesfortheirproperty Designingsiliconchipstomimichumanorganssounds fanciful imaginative Malcolmisa andrealisticbusinessman The criminalisdifficulttotrackdown cunning shrewd Theyhaveplentyofmoneynow buttheystilltendtobe She stoo tomakeadonation thrifty mean Thecommitteeexpressedthankstoeveryonefortheir donations Woulditwouldbetoo tobuyboth extravagant generous ThePrimeMinisterappearedrelaxedand ofwinninganoverallmajority It s ofyoutoassumeyou llwineverytime confident arrogant Childrenare abouttheoriginofmankind thestructureofatoms I vealwaysfoundherunbearably curious inquisitive nosey Alltheseconsiderationsmadehimevenmore toleadtheworldtowardarmsreduction Theconservativesshow resistancetoreform determined stubborn TheMeaningofWords Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects denotativeandconnotative Aword sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans asdefinedbythedictionary itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggested impliedbyit Threeaspectsofconnotation NegativeneutralpositiveDisapprovingapprovingDerogatoryUnfavorablefavorable Note 1 Whenusingaword youfirstneedtobesureaboutaword sdenotation otherwisemistakeswillbeunavoidableinyourspokenorwrittencommunication Eg CollegeEnglishspeechcontestprizepromulgationceremony2 greaterconcernshouldbeshowedforconnotationsofaword Onewordmayhaveseveralconnotations Thesamethingmayhavedifferentconnotativemeaningsindifferentculturalcontexts Eg thecolorwordyellowmaystimulateusChineseandanEnglishnativespeakertothinkofdifferentthings Wordswiththesamedetonationbutdifferentconnotations TheMeaningofWords 1 1 country nation state landcountry referstoanareaoflandanditspopulationandgovernmentnation thepeopleofacountrystate thegovernmentorpoliticalorganizationofacountryland moreliteraryandemotivecountry TheMeaningofWords 1 anislandcountry neighbouringcountriesInareaChinaisthethirdlargestcountryintheworld apeace lovingnation theawakeningnationsofAfrica TheMeaningofWords 2 Themodernizationprogrammehaswonthesupportofthewholenation stateorgans state ownedenterprisesChinaismynativeland TheMeaningofWords 2 big large hugebig acommonwordlarge slightlymoreformalandmaybeusedtodescribethingsthatareunusuallybig soitismoreemphaticthanbighuge moreliterarythanthesetwowords meansextremelylargeandismoreemphaticthanlarge TheMeaningofWords 3 abig largecity abig largehouseWuhanisaverylargecityinCentralChina Theteamhasgotahugemanovertwometrestall TheMeaningofWords 3 small littleinterchangeable differentinemotionalcoloringbetweenthemsmall objectivelittle afeelingoffondness TheMeaningofWords 3 Theylivedinasmalltown IcanneverforgetthelittletownwhereIspentmyhappychildhood TheMeaningofWords 4 modest humblebothalackofpride differentintonemodest avirtue laudatoryhumble notavirtue oftenconnotesundueself depreciation derogatory TheMeaningofWords 4 Modestandhardworking hemadeveryquickprogressatschool ClearlyGomperswasoverawedbyWilson Hisfacetookonaservilelook hisvoicewashumble Ex Diction 1 Ineachsentences choosethemorepreciseofthetwoinitalics andexplainyourreasons 1 Afewlistenersweredisinterested uninterestedanddozedoff 2 Thoughshehasgrownup herbehaviorisoftenchildlike childish Ex Diction 2 3 Iamquitejealous enviousofyouropportunitytostudyatsuchafamousuniversity 4 Herclothes thoughmadeofcheap inexpensivematerial arequiteelegant 5 Iamsorrytorefuse declineyourinvitation Ex Diction 3 6 Hewassurprised shocked stunnedtofindthatlittlesisterhadbecomeapretty slim skinnyyoungwoman 7 Thisservilemanwasespeciallymodest humblewhenhewastalkingwithhissuperiors Ex Diction 4 8 Thishomely uglyoldmanisawell knownmusician 9 Myunclebecamefat stoutashegrewolder 10 Isthatold elderlywoman ladysittingonthebenchyourmother Ex Diction 1 5 11 Theenemytroopsweredrivenbackwhentheyattempted triedtocrosstheborder 12 Theyallfeltsympathy pityforthevictimsofthedisasterandmadedonations 13 EmpressDoeagerCixiwasfamous notoriousforhercruelty Generalwordsandspecificwords Generalword agroup classSpecificword amemberofthatclassAttention Thisclassificationofwordsintogeneralorspecificisrelativeintheirreference GeneralandSpecificwords Specificwordsprovideprecise sensory orconcretedetails Generalwordsconveyinexact intangible andoftenabstractconcepts Comparativelyspeaking generalwordsaremorevagueandabstractinmeaningthanspecificwords Professionals forinstance ismoregeneralthanscientists doctors teachers lawyers journalists etc allofwhicharemorespecific Althoughbothgeneralandspecificwordsareuseful astudentlearningtowriteshouldmakeanefforttomasterandusespecificwordswhereverpossible Specificwordshelptomakewritingclear exact vivid andstriking Fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords Example Thepresident sknowledgeofdomesticissuesissuperiortohisunderstandingofforeignpolicy Hehasbeenmoresuccessfulwithwelfarereform forexample thanwithpeaceintheMiddleEast Inthiscontext Domesticissues and foreignpolicy areusedinageneralsenseinthefirstsentence Thewriterthenelaboratesbyclarifyingspecifickindsofissues welfarereform and peaceintheMiddleEast referredtobythemoregeneraltermsintheearliersentence Hyponymy TheRelationshipBetweenGeneralandSpecificWords 上义词 superordinate vehicle下义词 subordinate car truckFlower tulip jasmine daffodil rose lily carnation daisy edelweiss violet forget me notGeneralandSpecificWordsvs abstractandconcretewords GeneralandSpecific Itiseasytoseethatthespecificwordsontherightaremuchmoreconcreteandcolorfulthanthegeneralones Theyseemtomakethereadersee hear orfeelwhatthewriterwishestodescribe GeneralandSpecificwordsagoodmovie asuspenseful terrifying lightheartedmovieanicesmile awinning angelic purposefulsmilesomeoneIknow afriend anacquaintance acolleague acoworkerWalk pace strut stroll march Substitutethepreciseverbslistedbelowforlookat saidanddiscussthedifferentconnotationofeachverb 1 Sebastianlookedatthewomanseatednexttohim StaredatGlaredatLeeredatGazedatPeeredatAdmiredstudied 2 Hurryup Jolenesaid ShriekedDemandedSnappedSangseethed GeneralandSpecific 1 GeneralandSpecific 2 GeneralandSpecific 3 GeneralandSpecific 4 gaze glance glimpse glare peek peer stare watch goggle leer scowl GeneralandSpecific 5 annoyed desperate enraged furious infuriating irritated outraged sullen Englishoffersafascinatingvarietyofspecificwordsformanyactivitiesandinterests Whenwesayamaniswalking wecanalsosaythatamanismarching pacing patrolling stalking striding treading tramping steppingout prancing strutting prowling plodding strolling shuffling staggering sidling trudging toddling rambling roaming sauntering meandering lounging loitering orcreeping Buteachofthemconveystousaslightlydifferentmeaning Nomatterwhichwordweuse itshouldmatchourthoughtandsuittotheoccasion stalk 高视阔步 大踏步走stride 大踏步走 跨过tread 步行于 在 上走 踩 烂 践踏trudge tr d v 沉重地走 蹒跚地走prance pr ns v 腾跃 欢跃 昂首阔步shuffle fl 拖曳 慢吞吞地走Sidle saidl v 偷偷地 侧身而行saunter s nt v 闲逛 漫步lounge laund v 闲荡 懒洋洋地躺卧loiter l it v 闲荡 虚度 徘徊creep kri p v 爬 徐行 蠕动 Moreexamples 1 Thedrunkardstaggered 蹒跚 fromthecoffeeshopandclungtoalamp post 2 Thehikersreachedthetownafteralongwalkandplodded 重步行走 wearilytothehotel 3 Themanwhosewifewasexpectingthefirstbabywaspacing 踱步 nervouslyupanddownthehospitalcorridor 4 Afterclass thechildrendidnotgohomedirectbutloitered 游荡 ontheway 5 Themanagerstrode 大步走 intotheofficeandaskedwhowaslateforwork 6 Thepuppystrayed 迷途 fromitshomeandwascompletelylost 7 Thecockisstrutting 昂头阔步 upanddownthefarmyard 8 Afterdinner Iwentrambling 漫步 inthepark 9 Thethiefhasbeenlurking 潜行 inacornerforhisunsuspectingvictims 10 Notwishingtobenoticed theboycrept 爬行 downstairs 11 Attheweekend Tomandhisfriendswentstrolling 闲逛 inthetown 12 Inherhurry themaidstumbled 绊倒 andfellflatonthefloor 13 Thefarmertrudged 艰难地走 homewithhishoe 14 Themountaineersscrambled 攀爬 upthehillside 15 Thecarlurched 摇摆不定 forwardacrossthegrass 16 Withoneleghurt Johnlimped 跛行 home 17 Beastscomeouttoprowl 四处觅食 aftertheirpreyatnight 18 Beforebabiescanwalk theycrawl 爬行 19 Thevictoriousarmymarched 迈进 intotheconqueredcity 20 Thepedestriansrushed 快步走 hereandthereintherain 笑的种种说法laugh giggle chuckle grin guffaw beam smile Laughloudlytolaughinanervous excited orsillywaySmilewidelyshowingyourteethtolaughquietlyLaughmaliciously不怀好意地笑Laughlightly轻松地笑Laughhappily Giggle音调高或尖声地笑 常指儿童或女孩咯咯笑Thegirlswhisperedandgiggledtogether Chuckle轻笑 暗笑 常用比喻意义 指觉得满意Hewaschucklingtohimselfoverwhathewasreading Hemustbechucklingathissuccess Grin指露齿而笑Hegrinnedbroadlyatme Guffaw放声大笑 哄笑Thecompanyguffawedatthesillyanswer beam笑逐颜开Herfacebeamedwithjoy Smile微笑 反义词frownHesmiledtoseethechildrenplay GeneralandSpecific Ihaveatoolinmyhand Ihaveanaxeinmyhand Amaniswalkingdownthestreet Amanisstrollingdownthestreet Thatwasaverywonderfulmovie Thatwasaveryinstructivemovie Theproposalcoversallimportantaspectsoftheproblem Theproposalcoverscost materials methodology andpersonnel killMurderTomurdersomeoneistokillthemdeliberatelyandunlawfully Thekeywitnesswasmurderedbeforehecouldtestify MassacreMassacreisusedwhenyoutalkaboutthedeliberatekillingofalargenumberofpeople especiallypeoplewhocannotdefendthemselves WholenativepopulationsweremassacredwhentheEuropeansettlesarriv