第五讲--英语句子的主语

1 第五讲第五讲 英语句子的主语英语句子的主语 主语是英语句子中一个主要语法成分 常出现在句首 但出现在句首的并非总是主语 见课本 48 页例 8 这一讲我们将学习英语句子主语的形式选择 意义选择和主谓一致三 个方面 一 主语的形式选择一 主语的形式选择 主语表示句子描述的是 谁 或 什么 是谓语的陈述对象 由名词性的成分来充当 说明人物 地方 行为 事件 事实等 英语中除了名词和代词 47 页例 1 3 之外 名 词性的成分还包括 一 一 定冠词定冠词 the 形容词形容词 可起名词作用 表示某一类的人或事物 可起名词作用 表示某一类的人或事物 课本 51 页练习 2 The blind often have sharp hearing The wise are those who know themselves The Chinese love peace The good in him outweighs the bad 二 动词的非谓语形式 不定式或动名词 可起名词作用 二 动词的非谓语形式 不定式或动名词 可起名词作用 在英语中 当动词不是用作句子谓语 而是用于充当其他语法功能的时候 动词就会 以非谓语形式出现 主要有三种 不定式 Infinitive 分词 Participles 和动名词 Gerund 其中 可以充当主语的非谓语形式是不定式和动名词 1 不定式作主语 不定式作主语 1 当不定式作主语时 如果较短 可直接出现在常规的主语位置 如 课本 47 页例 6 To leave or stay is a question hard to answer To say something is one thing to do it is another 2 但是如果不定式充当的主语较长而谓语较短时 常用 it 作形式主语 而把真 正的不定式主语放在谓语的后面 如课本 51 页练习 3 It ll be a crime to stay anywhere else It s always a good ides to get a second opinion It would be wrong not to take this problem into consideration 3 有时 不定式的前面可以有一个连接词 连接代词或连接副词 包括 whether what which whom where when how 不定式的这种结构在句中主要起宾语作用 如 He will tell us how to use the library 他将告诉我们如何使用图书馆 但也可以作主语 如课本 47 页例 7 What to buy for dinner is not decided yet Where Where How Who to prepare the dinner is not decided yet 2 动名词作主语 动名词作主语 1 动名词与现在分词同形 但主要起名词作用 在句中可充当主语 如课本 47 页 例 5 Learning English grammar is by no means easy Seeing is believing Reading French is easier than speaking it 2 在一些习惯表达中 常用形式主语 it 而将作主语的动名词短语放在后面 多见于某些形容词或名词之后 其他情况一般不用 it 作形式主语代替作主语的动名词 如 2 It is no use telling him not to worry It is no good talking about that It is worthwhile trying again It is a water of time trying again 3 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时 常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格 构 成动名词的复合结构 这时 名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语 动名词的复合结 构也可以在句中作主语 例如 Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语 在意义上相近 但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽 象动作 不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作 比较 Smoking is not good for health It is not good for you to smoke so much 三 主语从句 三 主语从句 1 句子也可以起名词作用 在句子中充当主语 形成主语从句 判断主语从句时 可 先找到句子的谓语 谓语前面的从句就叫做主语从句 如课本 47 页例 4 Who murdered Joan Why Jack murdered Joan When Jack murdered Joan remains unknown Why he left wasn t important That she became an artist may have been due to her father s influence 2 借助形式主语 it 主语从句放在后面 1 由 that 引导的主语从句可以放在主语的位置 这时 that 不可以省略 例如 That prices will go up is certain that 主语从句放在句首的情况不是很常见 绝大部分主语从句都借助形式主语 it 主 语从句放在后面 如 It is strange that he knows nothing about it It is a pity that he can t swim It happened that he wasn t in that day It is said that there has been an earthquake in India 在口语中 用 it 做形式主语时 主语从句的 that 可以省略 2 wh 疑问词引导的主语从句 可以放在句首 第一组 也可以借助形式主语 it 第二组 第一组 When he ll be back depends much on the weather How it was done was a mystery Whether we ll succeed remains to be seen 第二组 It is uncertain whether the game will be held It s a puzzle how life began It doesn t matter much where we live Is it known where he went 注意 疑问词后面的语序应为正常的陈述语序 课本课本 54 页课后练习页课后练习 1c f 练习 练习 6c f 二 主语的意义选择二 主语的意义选择 3 除了形式上的多样性之外 英语句子的语义类型也是多种多样的 包括动作的执行者 动作的承受者 动作得以完成的工具 事件的原因 地点 谈论的话题等等 请看课本 48 页例 9 例 14 Jack murdered Joan with a gun Joan was murdered by Jack with a gun A gun killed Joan Cancer deprives many people of their lives The hall can seat 50 people for a conference Learning Chinese Kongfu is by no means easy 在实际的语言使用中 我们可以根据自己的意图来选择主语的意义类型 一般来说 主语通常总是某种已知给定的信息 是后面谓语部分的评述对象 请看课本 52 53 页课内 练习 5 The bees swarmed in the garden The garden swarmed with bees 练习 6 请先看课本 53 54 页课内练习 7 Last week I went to the theatre I had a very good seat The play was very interesting I did not enjoy it A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me They were talking loudly I got very angry I could not hear the actors I turned round I looked at the man and the woman angrily They did not pay any attention In the end I could not bear it I turned round again I can t hear a word I said angrily It s none of your business the young man said rudely This is a private conversation 再来看课本 57 页课后练习 7 Night found the lost child in a forest The verdict came after a detailed reading of numerous charges against the mayor Over 100 people died in the hurricane attack The new stadium can hold 20 000 people The Rockets lost a second game to the Spurs this season 课本 52 页课内练习 4 三 主谓在数方面的一致三 主谓在数方面的一致 英语中主语在数方面的特征会决定谓语动词的形态标记 换言之 主语和谓语在数方 面必须保持一致 有三个基本原则 参见课本 49 页 一 意义一致原则 一 意义一致原则 notional agreement 主语在意义或概念上是单数 谓语动词用单数 若主语在意义或概念上是复数 谓语 动词用复数 如 The police1 were searching for the lost child 54 页课后练习 1b The committee 2has have decided to close the restaurant The Government3 has have been considering further tax cuts 1 常见形式为 the police 复数意义 警察部门 警方 如 Hundreds of police in riot gear struggled to control the violence 2 可数名词 可接单数动词或复数动词 3 常见形式为 the Government 指政府 内阁 可接单数动词或复数动词 4 Our family is a happy one The family are early risers The public are is requested not to litter 二 语法一致原则 二 语法一致原则 formal agreement 主语的人称和数决定谓语动词的形式 如 Jack works in a factory Jack and Joan work in a factory I love She loves music Is your mother a worker The work is important To serve the country is our duty How and why he left was a sad story The children are taken good care of They have gone to Chengdu Plastics and rubber never rot What he says and what he does do not agree Both Tom and I are fond of medicine The worker and writer has come A cart and horse was seen in the distance Truth and honesty is the best policy Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity Many a fine man has died for it A great many parents were present at the meeting Only a word or two is are needed One or two reasons were suggested A year and a half has passed One and a half tons of rice are sold More than one person was were absent More students than one have been there More than one hundred students have attended the concert There is only a small quantity of paper books left Large quantities of water are needed This kind of apple is sweet 5 A woman with two children has come I as well as they am ready to help you This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year He was one of the boys who were praised He was the only one of the boys who was praised 注意 有些英语名词是以 s 结尾 形式上看起来似乎是复数 但实际上它们是不可数 名词 这些名词主要表示学科和疾病等 如 economics 经济学 linguistics 语言学 mechanics 力学 机械学 statistics 统计学 electronics 电子学 logistics 后勤学 physics 物理学 genetics 遗传学 mathematics 数学 politics 政治 政治学 diabetes 糖尿病 mumps 腮腺炎 measles 麻疹 rabies 恐水症 狂犬病 这些名词做主语时 动词用单数形式 例如 Economics is Sue s favorite subj