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临沂大学外国语学院毕业论文 2012届届 分 类 号 H0 单位代码 10452 临沂大学 毕业论文 设计 从从文文化化角角度度看看中中英英禁禁忌忌语语差差异异 姓 名 学 号 200804410639200804410639 年 级 20082008 级级 6 6 班班 专 业 英语英语 系 院 外国语学院外国语学院 指导教师 孟凡艳孟凡艳 2012 年 4 月 20 日 临沂大学外国语学院毕业论文 On the Difference of Chinese and English Taboo from the Perspective of Culture A Thesis Submitted to Foreign Languages School of Linyi University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts By Supervisor Meng Fanyan April 20 2012 Acknowledgements I would like to express my appreciation to my classmates in my studies They have given me valuable and enlightening suggestions to the thesis My special thanks should go to Meng Fanyan my supervisor From the planning for the thesis to the completion she has given me so much instructive advice She has corrected my thesis time after time I am grateful to her patience and prudence as well as her consideration I am also greatly indebted to my friends who helped me directly and indirectly Frankly speaking without their kind advice and help in finding the materials I couldn t have finished the thesis Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence on me all through these years i Abstract With the development of globalization the interactions between different cultures have been increasingly intensified Therefore it is necessary to research into the differences between different cultures and languages so that some effective strategies might be formulated to deal with the challenges In the context of interculture this thesis analyzes linguistic taboos in Chinese and English from the cultural difference point of view and reveals their differences and tentatively proposes workable strategies to improve intercultural communication competence Key Words Linguistic taboo Cultural difference Intercultural communication ii 摘要摘要 随着全球化的发展 不同文化间的交流日益增强 当来自不同文化的两个人交流 时 他们可能会遇到不同的问题 误解和冲突 因此 有必要对不同文化和语言的差 异进行研究 寻求有效的策略应对全球化的挑战 本文从文化角度分析中英语言禁忌 差异 探讨交际中如何避免使用禁忌语 从而提高跨文化交际能力 关键词 关键词 语言禁忌 文化差异 跨文化交际 iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements i Abstract ii 摘要 iii Table of Contents iv Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Literature Review 2 2 1 Major Studies in the Field of Taboo 2 2 1 1 Major Studies Abroad 2 2 1 2 Major Studies in China 2 2 2 Theoretical Foundation 2 2 2 1 Cooperative Principle 2 2 2 2 Politeness Principle 3 2 2 3 Indirect Speech Act Theory 3 Chapter Three Intercultural Analysis of Taboo 5 3 1 Culture Language and Taboo 5 3 1 1 Culture and Its Features 5 3 1 2 Language and Its Features 5 3 1 3 Taboo and Its Features 6 Chapter Four Expressions of Taboo and Taboo Differences Between China and West 8 4 1 Expressions of Taboo 8 4 1 1 Taboos about Sex 8 4 1 2 Taboos about Colors Races and Numbers 9 4 1 3 Taboos about Death 9 Chapter Five Conclusion 11 iv References 12 临沂大学外国语学院本科毕业论文 0 Chapter One Introduction The word taboo was originate from the Tongan Island in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean Taboo is short for linguistic taboo Linguistic taboo exists in almost all of the languages and cultures People in a certain community shared common rules Some of the rules are written on paper while others are abided by in people s mind It is regarded impolite and offensive Certain words and expressions are avoided because of cultural tradition and social custom These words and expression are what we call linguistic taboo But people from different cultures do not agree on what linguistic taboo is and what should be tabooed With the development of the globalization communication between people from different cultures is more frequent In this process people realize that cultural differences produce great barriers to intercultural communication So it is imperative to have a systematic study of linguistic taboo and providing people with a way to deal with the problem of linguistic taboo There are five chapters in this thesis In the first chapter the author gives a general account of the study and elaborates the significance of the study In the second chapter the author review the major studies in this field In the third chapter intercultural analysis is made In the fourth chapter the main aspects of taboo in English and Chinese are elaborated and on the basis of which a comparison between them is made The last chapter is the conclusion It summarizes the major points of this thesis 临沂大学外国语学院本科毕业论文 1 Chapter Two Literature Review 2 1 Major Studies in the Field of Taboo 2 1 1 Major Studies Abroad The contributions to taboo research in early time were relevant to anthropology sociology ethnography of communication and psychology Among the most important researches on the topic were The Golden Bough 1890 by Sir James G Frazer Totem and Taboo 1913 by Sigmund Freud and Taboo Truth and Religion 1967 by Franz Baermann Steiner Of all the scholars Freud provides tne most ingenious explanation for the apparently irrational nature of taboo postulating that they are generated by emotional ambivalence and in effect represent forbidden actions for which there nevertheless exists a strong unconscious inclination Steiner 1967 does the most comprehensive work by providing the full history 2 1 2 Major Study in China In China this topic is more strictly forbidden due to the deep influence of feudalist ideology Studies in this area may be later and fewer than those in the west Chen Yuan s Socialinguistics 1982 a pioneer monograph of this kind is the earliest literature that provides a comprehensive analysis of linguistic taboo Chen Jianmin s New Explorations on Language Cultural and Society 1986 devotes several pages to the discussion of linguistic taboo from the perspective of relationship between language and society Qu Yuanbin s Chinese Folk Linguistics 1992 discusses taboo in Chinese from the point of view of folklore In addition some articles concerning linguistic taboo have gradually appeared in some language journals since 1980s 2 2 Theoretical Foundation 2 2 1 Cooperative Principle Grice believes participants in a conversation cooperate with each other He formulates the Cooperative Principle as Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the 临沂大学外国语学院本科毕业论文 2 talk exchange in which you are engaged Grice 2002 p 107 He works out four maxims prescribing the norms of behavior that participants are expected to act accordingly during the conversation These maxims are stated as follows 1 The Maxim of Quantity Make your contribution as informative as required for the current purpose of the exchange Do not make your contribution more informative than is required 2 The Maxim of Quality Do not say what you believe to be false Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence 3 The Maxim of Relevance Be relevant 4 The Maxim of Manner Avoid obscurity of expression Avoid ambiguity Be brief avoid unnecessary prolixity Be orderly These maxims specify what participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient rational cooperative way They should speak sincerely relevantly and clearly while providing sufficient information Levinson 1982 p 102 2 2 2 Politeness Principle The politeness principle consists of six maxims G Leech 1983 p 132 1 Tact Maxim Minimize cost to other Maximize benefit to other 2 Generosity Maxim Minimize benefit to self Maximize cost to self 3 Approbation Maxim Minimize dispraise of other Maximize praise of other 4 Modesty Maxim Minimize praise of self Maximize dispraise of self 5 Agreement Maxim Minimize disagreement between self and other Maximize agreement between self and other 6 Sympathy Maxim Minimize antipathy between self and other 2 2 3 Indirect Speech Act Theory The indirect speech act theory was put forward by American philosopher J R Searle in 1969 which was based on the indirect performative sentence formulated by Austin According to Austin all utterances in addition to their literal meaning perform specific action or doing things through having specific forces Therefore in uttering sentences one is also performing various speech acts such as declare request order etc If the literal meaning of a word or phrase is not consistent with 临沂大学外国语学院本科毕业论文 3 the speaker s meaning in a certain context it is called an indirect speech act As far as the approaches are concerned expressions used for polite intention such as request order suggestion advice inquiry and refusal are indirect speech acts In order to express these intentions the speaker prefers to apply indirect expressions instead of direct expressions As a matter of fact the process during which people avoid taboo and use euphemism is a process they put Indirect Speech Act Theory in practice People carry out the conversation in accordance with it even when they do not know this theory quite well 临沂大学外国语学院本科毕业论文 4 Chapter Five Conclusion Communication played an important role in the development of human civilization We need others to co create our life and the vice versa Taboo exists in every culture and it is defined by culture As a significant way to express politeness taboo has been studied in sociology anthropology socio linguistics pragmatics and discourse analysis by linguists at home and abroad yet so far there has been no systematic investigation of taboo from an intercultural pragmatic perspective In this paper the author attempts to analyze the differences between Chinese and English taboos in reference to their cultural traditions The author reveals that Modern taboos are motivated more by notion of decency politeness and communicative appropriateness than by pure fear sense of danger in earlier taboo practice They reflect the sensitivity and respect of others feelings The great difference between Chinese and western culture directly results in the great difference between Chinese and English taboo In dealing with the different cultures and customs we should cultivate intercultural competence and effectively manage taboos Intercultural communication is the important part of modern communication The appropriate management of taboo promotes reciprocal intercultural relationships Taboos in both Chinese and English penetrate every part of our social life t