初中英语阅读理解之主旨大意day2.ppt

初中阅读理解主旨题及解题技巧 Howtograspthemainideaofapassage inreading 主旨大意题 正确理解文章的 主旨大意 是阅读技能之二 要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上 对文章作出归纳 概括或评价 这也是英语阅读理解中常见的一类题型 大多是要求判断文章的标题或各段大意 阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类 主旨题 标题类 文章主旨 段落主旨 标题类试题常见的题干形式 1 Thebesttitleforthispassageis 2 Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe 3 Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis 4 Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage 体现概括性 避免远离主题 2 文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式 1 Whatisthepassagemainlyabout 2 Thepassagetalksabout 3 Thepassagetellsusthat 4 Thispassagemainlydealswith 5 What sthemainidea topicofthepassage 体现全面性 避免以偏概全 3 段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式 1 Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat 2 Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith 3 WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone 4 What sthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph 体现针对性 避免张冠李戴 关键 主题句 主题句 凡表述段落 或短文 主旨大意的句子 三个特点 1 总领性强 概括性强 2 结构简单 不用难句 3 其他句子解释 支撑或扩展主题句 起服从 论证 补充的作用 TypesOfParagraphStructures Atthebeginning Attheend Inthemiddle Nocleartopicsentence Englishisclearlyaninternationallanguage Itisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld Over70percentoftheworld sradioprogramsareinEnglish 主题句在段首或篇首 例2 Ifyoubuysomewell madeclothes youcansavemoneybecausetheycanlastlonger Theylookgoodevenaftertheyhavebeenwashedmanytimes Sometimessomeclothescostmoremoney butitdoesnotmeanthattheyarealwaysbettermade ortheyalwaysfitbetter Inotherwords somelessexpensiveclotheslookandfitbetterthanmoreexpensiveclothes Q Thepassageismainlyabout A well madeclothesB moreexpensiveclothesC clothesthatarenotveryexpensivebutlookandfitbetterD clothesthatareexpensiveandwell made 主题句在段末或篇末 例3 InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket Ford GeneralMotorsandChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarshasnotcastAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted FordoperatesasfarasAsia andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustralian sbiggestemployer YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiable 不能满足的 society Question WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraphA GMisoneofthelargestcarproducers B FordoperatesnotonlyintheU S A butalsoinAsia C TheforeigncarshavenottakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers D ThefloodofthecheaperforeigncarsisterribleforAmericanautoworkers takesth awayofsb 和castsb sth 的意思相似 主题句在段中或篇中 Handshaking thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet theyshowedtheirunarmed 无武器的 handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother Let sshake hands onit sometimesmeansagreementreached 无主题句 Theparagraphmainlytellsus A wherehandshakingwasfirstpracticedB howhandshakingcameaboutC abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtradeD aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina 解题技巧 技巧一 识别文体 技巧二 找关联词 技巧三 抓线索 技巧四 找高频词 技巧一 识别文体 新闻报道 导语提携全文 议论文 总 分 总 论点 论据 结论 说明文 主题句 首 中 尾 记叙文 记叙文六要素 Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease illness cancer cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems Forexample itcangiveonea smoker scough Finally studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller cancer smokingisharmful Isitworthit 议论文总 分 总 Whatisthemainidea A cigarettesmokingcancausecancer B smokingcancausethemostseriousandterribledisease illness C smokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems D smokingisharmful D Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention ColorTV Only 79 Twodayssale Hurry However whenyougotothestorereadytobuy Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel Amuchbettersetwhichis justrightforyou Itcosts 395 Thissalesmethodiscalled baitandswitch Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale Theparagraphcouldbeentitled A BuyingATVSetB ASellingMethodC BuyerBewareD TVOnSale MrsTurner stelephonenumberwas3463 thenumberofthecinemainhertownwas3464 peopleoftenmadeamistakeandtelephonedherwhentheyactuallywantedthecinema OneeveningthetelephonebellrangandMrsTurneransweredit Atiredman svoicecameoverthetelephone Atwhattimedoesyourlastfilmbegin I msorry saidMrsTurner butyouhavethewrongnumber Thisisnotthecinema Oh Itbegantwentyminutesago saidtheman I msorryaboutthat Well goodbye MrsTurnerwasverysurprised soshetoldherhusband Helaughedandsaid No thatwasn tamistake Theman swifewantedtogotothecinema buthewasfeelingtired sohetelephonedthecinema Hiswifeheardhim butshedidn thearyou Nowtheywillstayathomethisevening andthehusbandwillbehappy WhywasMrsTurnersurprised Becausethetiredman A wantedthecinemabutcalledawrongnumber B AskedherasillyquestionwhichsherefusedtoanswerC Saidsomethingthathadnothingtodowithheranswer D Wasangrywithhimselfforhavingmadeamistake c Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent Ontheotherhand nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal Andthemanwhoknows everything mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness So itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance so therefore thus inconclusion inshort allinall overall clearly Infact 技巧二 找关联词 技巧三 从段落中归纳要点抓大意 理清线索 有些文章或段落无明显的主题句 只是暗示性地体现主题 这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意 TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors HarvardLawSchooland later BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami Florida Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat A Tom whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears movedtoanotheruniversity B TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege C TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity D Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation detail detail detail 技巧四 从段落中寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的 因此 许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词 即高频词 也叫做主题词 Eg 9Aneweight kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem Itisexpectedtocarry20 000trucksandcarsaday whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity Aspartoftheproject twofour kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel practicallyatitshighestpoint Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand ontheinsideofthetunnel aconcretelining Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase whichismadeofconcreteandsteel Thedrainagesystem justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside removesanyextraliquid particularlywater Intheeventoffire thefiremain whichismadeofsteel pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones Thepassageismainlyabout A theconstructionofaroadB thedesignofaroadC theconstructionoftwotunnelsD thedesignoftwotunnels 主旨大意题的解题技巧 1 以原文为依据 不参杂个人意见 要客观不要主观 要克服 我认为 怎么样 的观点 2 答案是比出来的 答案不选对的 只选最好的 比答案的原则是 好的 不知道的 不知道的 不对的 3 注意绝对化的词 如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词 比如 all always never nothing every等等 除非文章当中使用了该类词汇 否则 一般都要排除 比如 原文中出现了这样一个句子 Almosteveryonelikesthemusic 答题时 要你判断如下这个句子正误 TrueorFalse Everyonelikesthemusic 4 答案要避免以点带面 以偏盖全 尤其是多个选项都有道理 难以挑选正确答案的时候 要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个 5 傻瓜 原则 文章中没有提到的就当时不知道 不要枉自猜测 自作聪明 一切以文章内容为准 6 主旨大意题的干扰项特点可能是文中某个具体事实或细节 可能是从文中某些 不完全的 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断 F 实例1 JoshnaBinghamstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation HechangedtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors HarvardLawSchoolandlater BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground HeispresentlyabusinesslawyerinMiami Florida 从以上这个段落 我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题 那么 作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢 通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后 我们便可领悟 作者想告诉读者的是 JoshnaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation 所以说这种文章 或段落 只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图 这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意 实例2 Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletoexplainaweathermapexactly Weatherconditionisahugeamountofinformationaboutc