高一英语语法

1 高一英语语法高一英语语法 一一 句子成分句子成分 一 句子成分的定义 一 句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分 二 二 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体 一般位于句首 但在 there be 结构 疑问句 当主语不疑问词时 和倒装句中 主语位于谓语 助动词或情态动词后面 We often speak English in class 代词 To swim in the river is a great pleasure 不定式 Smoking does harm to health 动名词 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided 主语从句 It is necessary to master a foreign language 三 谓语 三 谓语 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态 动词在句中作谓语 一般放在 主语之后 谓语的构成如下 1 简单谓语 由一个动词或动词短语构成 如 He practices running every morning 2 复合谓语 1 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成 如 You may keep the book for two weeks He has caught a bad cold 2 由系动词加表语构成 如 We are students 四 表语 四 表语 表语用以说明主语的身份 特征和状态 它一般位于系动词 如 be become get look grow turn seem 等 之后 His hobby 爱好 is playing football 动名词 The machine must be out of order 介词短语 Time is up Class is over 副词 五 宾语 五 宾语 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者 一般位于及物动词和介词后面 I enjoy listening to popular music 动名词短语 I think that he is fit for his office 宾语从句 宾语种类宾语种类 1 双宾语 间接宾语 直接宾语 例如 Lend me your dictionary please 2 复合宾语 宾语 宾补 例如 They elected him their monitor 六 宾语补足语 六 宾语补足语 补充说明宾语的特征或状态的 We saw her entering the room 现在分词 We found everything in the lab in good order 介词短语 七 定语 七 定语 修饰名词或代词的词 短语或从句称为定语 Guilin is a beautiful city 形容词 China is a developing country America is a developed country 分词 Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom 不定式短语 八 状语 八 状语 修饰动词 形容词 副词或整个句子 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分 叫做 状语 可由以下形式表示 Light travels most quickly 副词及副词性词组 He has lived in the city for ten years 介词短语 He is proud to have passed the examination 不定式短语 He is in the room making a model plane 分词短语 九 九 同位语 同位语 用来说明或者解释同一事物或人 通常放在所说明的名词或者代词之后 可由以下形式表示 Mr Smith our new teacher is very kind to us Yesterday I met Tom a friend of my brother s The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody 即时训练 即时训练 指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分 1 The students got on the school bus 2 He handed me the newspaper 2 3 I shall answer your question after class 4 What a beautiful Chinese painting 5 They went hunting together early in the morning 6 His job is to train swimmers 7 He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing 8 There is going to be an American film tonight 9 He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow 10 His wish is to become a scientist 11 He managed to finish the work in time 12 Tom came to ask me for advice 13 He found it important to master English 14 Would you please tell me your address 15 He sat there reading a newspaper 16 It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy 17 He noticed a man enter the room 18 The apples tasted sweet 二二 英语句子分类英语句子分类 一 句子种类两种分类法一 句子种类两种分类法 1 按句子的用途可分四种 按句子的用途可分四种 1 陈述句 肯定 否定 He is six years old She didn t hear of you before 2 疑问句 一般 特殊 选择 反意 Do they like skating How old is he Is he six or seven years old Mary can swim can t she 3 祈使句 Be careful boys Don t talk in class 4 感叹句 How clever the boy is 2 按句子的结构可分三种 按句子的结构可分三种 1 简单句 只有一个主语 或并列主语 和一个谓语 或并列谓语 e g He often reads English in the morning Tom and Mike are American boys She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers 2 并列句 由并列连词 and but or 等 或分号 把两个或两个以上的简单句连在 一起构成 e g You help him and he helps you The future is bright the road is tortuous 前途是光明的 道路是曲折的 3 复合句 含有一个或一个以上从句的句子 复合句包含 名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 定语从句和状语从句等 e g The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall 三三 简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型 1 主语 系动词 表语 e g He is a student 2 主语 谓语 不及物动词 e g We work 3 主语 谓语 及物动词 宾语 e g Henry bought a dictionary 4 主语 谓语 双宾语 间接宾语 直接宾语 e g My father bought me a car 5 主语 谓语 复合宾语 宾语 宾补 e g Tom made the baby laugh 即时训练 即时训练 判断简单句的五种基本句型 判断简单句的五种基本句型 1 Our school is not far from my home 2 It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3 3 All of us considered him honest 4 My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes 5 Would you please pass me the cup 6 He made it clear that he would leave the city 7 Trees turn green when spring comes 8 Grandma told me an interesting story last night 9 All the students think highly of his teaching 10 He asked us to sing an English song 11 The idea sounds great 12 We will make our school more beautiful 13 I ll get my hair cut tomorrow 14 Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town 15 The old man lives a lonely life 四四 定语从句讲解定语从句讲解 1 1 一 定义及相关术语 一 定义及相关术语 1 定语从句 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后 2 先行词 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词 3 关系词 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有 that which who whom whose as 等 关系副词有 when where why 等 关系词通常有下列三个作用 A 引导定语从句 B 代替先行词 C 在定语从句中担当一个成分 例 如 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman 该句中 who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句 修饰先行词 the man who 是引导定语从句的 关系词 代替先行词 the man 在定语从句中作主语 二 定语从句的分类 二 定语从句的分类 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 Charles Smith who was my former teacher retired last year 查理史密斯去年退休了 他曾经是我的老师 非限 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you 这里有人要和你说话 限制性 二 关系代词引导的定语从句 二 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词一览表 用于限制性从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 功能 作用 代替人代替物代替人或物 主语whowhichthat 宾语whomwhichthat 定语whose of whom whose of which 4 1 who 指人 在定语从句中作主语 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人 That is the teacher who teaches us physics 那就是教我们物理的老师 2 whom 指人 在定语从句中做宾语 常可省略 Mr Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人 Li Ming is just the boy whom I want to see 李明正是我想要见的男孩 注意 关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替 也可省略 The man whom who you met just now is my old friend 3 Which 指物 在定语从句中做主语或宾语 做宾语时常可省略 This is the pen which he bought yesterday 这是他昨天买的钢笔 The film which they went to see last night was not interesting at all 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有 4 that 指人时 相当于 who 或 whom 指物时 相当于 which 在定语从句中作主语或宾语 作宾语时常 可省略 Where is the man that whom I saw this morning 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿 The person that whom you introduced to me is very kind 你介绍给我的那个人很友好 The season that which comes after spring is summer 春天以后的季节是夏季 Yesterday I received a letter that which came from Australia 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信 具体使用时还要注意下列问题 1 只能使用 只能使用 that 不用不用 which 的情况 的情况 1 当先行词是 all any much little none anything everything nothing 或被它们修饰时 Is there anything that I can do for you 有什么可以为你做的吗 All that can be done must be done 凡是能做的都必须做 2 当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时 例如 That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop 那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一 The first thing that we should do is to get some food 我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的 3 当先行词有 the only the very the same the last 等修饰时 例如 My necklace is not the only thing that s missing 我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西 4 当主句以 who 或 which 开头时 定语从句中引导词用 that 不用 which 或 who 以避免重复 例如 Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat 正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁 5 当先行词既有人又有物时 用 that 例如 The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known 你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名 2 只用 只用 which 不用不用 that 的情况 的情况 1 关系代词前有介词时 e g This is the room in which Lu Xun lived 2 非限定性定语从句中 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略 e g That necklace which you gave me as a present was lost yesterday 3 先行词本身是 that 时 e g The clock is that which tells the time 5 即时训练 即时训练 I will tell him all you told me at the ball The only thing we could do was to wait The first place we visited was the Great Wall We talked about the people and the villages we remembered 5 Whose 通常指人 也可指物 在定语从句中做定语 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家 He has a friend whose father is a doctor 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里 注意 指物时 常用下列结构来代替 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired Do you like the book whose cover is yellow Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow 三 三 介词介词 关系代词关系代词 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时 从句常常由 介词 关系代词 引出 The school which that he once studied in is very famous The school in which he once studied is very famous 他曾经就读过的学校很出名 This is the boy whom who that I played tennis with yesterday This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩 即时训练 即时训练 一 请分析一下定语从句 请划出定语从句 并标出先行词 Eg 1 Another thing that I found very difficult was English grammar 2 You couldn t understand people who talked fast 3 I have some ideas that may help 4 They said something you didn t like 5 Can you think of any problems you have had recently 6 What are some of the rules that a teenager should obey 7 Standing very close to the person you are talking with is quite common in some countries 二 定语从句易犯错误 改错 1 Some of the boys I invited them didn t come 2 The book that you need it is in the library 3 Anyone who break the law will be punished 4 Those who has finished may go home 5 Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 6 The key opens the bike is missing 7 The house where he lives in needs repairing 8 I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing 9 Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence 10 I don t believe the reason why he has given for his being late 三 用关系代词填空 that which who whom whose 1 This is the man wants to see you 2 The student answered the question is Zhang Hua 3 The man you went to see has come 6 4 The woman you saw is our geography teacher 5 The man was passing by saw what happened 6 Here is the pen you lost the day before yesterday 7 These books you lent me were very useful 8 I will never forget the days we spent together 9 A clock is a machine tells people the time 10 A dictionary is a book gives the meaning to the word 11 I will never forget the people and the places I have ever visited 12 Is there anyone family is in Beijing 13 She hates everything is modern 14 She wrote a book about the people and things impressed her most deeply during her stay there 15 He is the only person was present at the time 16 This is the best car is made in China 定语从句讲解定语从句讲解 2 2 一 一 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 1 when 指时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to this school 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天 2 where 指地点 在定语从句中作地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born 上海是我出生的城市 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了 如果定语从句分别修饰如果定语从句分别修饰 point situation stage condition degree和和case 等表示抽象意义的词 常用等表示抽象意义的词 常用 where 引导 意思是引导 意思是 到了某种地步 在某种境况中到了某种地步 在某种境况中 前提是从句中缺少状语 前提是从句中缺少状语 3 why 指原因 在定语从句中作原因状语 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 请告诉我你误机的原因 The reason why he was punished is unknown to us 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道 I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快 注意 关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用注意 关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用 介词介词 关系代词关系代词 引导的定语从句来表示 如 引导的定语从句来表示 如 From the years when in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to b e when he grew up 自从他在农村读小学时 他就已经知道长大后要做什么 Great changes are taking place in the city where in which they live 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化 The reason why for which he refused the invitation is quite clear 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的 总的说来 选择介词 一是根据从句中动词或形容词与介词的习惯搭配 二是根据先行词和介词的习 惯搭配 三是根据句子意思表达的需要 1 考查定语从句中谓语部分的搭配习惯 1 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配 The documents which they were searching have been recovered American women usually identify their best friend as someone they can talk frequently A who B as C about which D with whom 2004 上海卷 2 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配 7 He referred me to some reference books which I am not very familiar 2 考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯 这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词 如 I ll never forget the day which she said goodbye to me The English play my students acted at the New Year s party was a great success A for which B at which C in which D on which 3 考查根据句意确定介词 Tom whom the window was broken has been criticized by his teacher I am looking for my glasses which I can t watch TV clearly In the office I never seem to have time until after 5 30 p m time many people have gone home A whose B that C on which D by which 二 关系代词 二 关系代词 as 和和 which 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句时 其用法有相同之处 也有不同之处 具体情况是 1 as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语 代表前面整个句子 如 He is honest as which we can see 他很诚实 这一点我们看得出来 2 as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前 主句之后 甚至还可以分割主句 which 引导的非限 制性定语从句只可放在主句之后 另外 as 常常有 正如 正像 的含义 如 As is known to all China is a developing country 众所周知 中国是发展中国家 John as you know is a famous writer 正如你所知 约翰是个著名作家 注意 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时 关系词往往只用 which 如 Tom was late for school again and again which made his teacher very angry 汤姆老是迟到 这使得老师很恼火 1 当先行词受 such the same 修饰时 关系词常用 as 如 I ve never heard such stories as he tells 我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样 注意 当先行词受 the same 修饰时 偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句 但与 as 引导的定语从句意思有区别 如 She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary s wedding 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙 三三 以以 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句为先行词的限制性定语从句 并在定语从句中当方式状语时并在定语从句中当方式状语时 用 用 in which 或或 that 引导 而且通常可以省略 如 引导 而且通常可以省略 如 The way that in which he answered the questions was surprising 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇 I don t like the way that in which you laugh at her 我不喜欢你冲她的样子 四 关系代词与关系副词的选择 四 关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用 即所担当的成分 试比较 A I know a place we can have a picnic I know a place is famous for its beautiful natural scenery B I will never forget the days we spent our holidays together I will never forget the days we spent together C This is the reason he was dismissed 这就是他被解雇的原因 This is the reason he explained to me for his not attending the meeting 五五 定语从句的其他要点定语从句的其他要点 在定语从句的使用中 one of 后面的名词是复数 这个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词 用 8 复数 而在 one of 前面 the only 时 后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式 He is the only one of the students who is elected Jasper is one of those people who know about the accident 先行词为 time 时 若 time 当 次数 讲时 应用关系代词 that 引导定语从句 that 可以省略 若 time 当 一段时间 时代 讲时 应用关系副词 when 或者介词 at during which 引导定语从句 如 This is the second time I have visited the Great Wall There was a time I hated to go to school 巩固练习巩固练习 1 This is the best factory we visited last year A where B which C in which D that 2 Is this the factory computers are built A that B which C in which D in that 3 Please pass me the dictionary cover is red A whose B its C which D which of 4 The man has arrived A whom I told you B that I told you C whom I told you about him D I told you about 5 Do you know the person we are talking A to whom B to who C whom D to that 6 They visited the house the great writer was born A from where B in which C which D in where 7 The comrade is speaking at the meeting is my teacher A whom B which C who D whose 8 He asked us to watch carefully everything he did in class A who B that C what D where 9 I ll visit the professor tomorrow he will be back from Shanghai A who B that C when D which 10 The school I study is a new one A on which B at where C on that D at which 11 China has many islands the largest is Taiwan A in which B at which C which D of which 12 The city my mother grew up is not far from here A what B where C that D which 13 Our teacher lives in the house door faces to the north A which B his C that D whose 14 Do you know the man your father nodded A whom B to whom C to who D about whom 15 Wrestling is a sport in people easily get hurt A that B when C which D what 16 I told you I know A all that B all which C all what D all whom 17 China has a lot of famous writers one is Lu Xun A of which B of whom C of who D of them 18 Is this factory we visited last year A in which B around that C whom D the one 9 19 Is there anything I can do for you sir A that B which C whose D who 20 I still remember the day she first wore that green dress A which B in which C on that D on which 21 He wrote several songs last year and three of were very popular among young people A them B which C what D that 22 Do you remember the day we spent climbing Mount Tai last summer A going B when in going C on which going D which to go 23 I ll never forget the days we played together in our childhood A which B that C D when 24 The reason he was late was he got up too late A why that B that why C why because D that because 25 The reason he told us sounds reasonable A that B which C why D for which 26 The news he has won the medal is true A that B which C D what 27 The news he told us is not true Which is not right A that B which C D what 28 The house have been broken to be repaired A which windows needs B whose window needs C the window of it need D the windows of which needs 29 The children parents died has just been sent to an orphan s house A his B that C whose D which 30 He is the only one of the students late this morning A who is B who was C who are D who were 对比练习 填空 对比练习 填空 1 The school he once studied in is very famous 2 The school in he once studied is very famous 3 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine you asked for 4 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for you asked 5 We ll go to hear the famous singer we have often talked about 6 We ll go to hear the famous singer about we have often talked 7 This is the watch I am looking for 8 The man with you talked is my friend 9 The plane in we flew to Canada is very comfortable 10 He loved his parents deeply both of are very kind to him 11 In the basket there are quite many apples some of have gone bad 12 There are forty students in our class in all most of are from big cities 13 I will never forget the day I first went to school I will never forget the day we spent in Beijing 14 The house we visited is being repaired now The house Luxun once lived is being repaired now 15 I am reading Harry Porter is an interesting book 16 He failed in the exam made his parents angry 17 He failed in the exam made his parents angry 10 18 He has two sons Both of are teachers 19 He has two sons both of are teachers 20 Do you like the book she spent 10 21 Do you like the book she paid 10 22 Do you like the book she learned a lot 二 直击高考二 直击高考 I 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空 1 The weather was very sunny the following day was what we expected 2 The man about you told me the other day turned out to be a thief 3 I have finished reading all the books were borrowed from the school library 4 He wrote a lot of well received novels most of were translated into foreign languages 5 I cannot forget the time I stayed in the country with those farms 6 is reported in the newspaper the war between the two countries has come to a stop 7 Lu Xun name is Zhou Shuren wrote lots of novels and essays 8 Do you still remember the happy days we spent together in Beijing 9 He came out top in the exam made his family very