江苏省栟茶高级中学校本化资料高考英语 考前一周自主复习（3）

用心 爱心 专心 1 江苏省栟茶高级中学校本化资料江苏省栟茶高级中学校本化资料 考前一周自主复习英语 考前一周自主复习英语 3 3 基础知识回顾基础知识回顾 重点语法二 非谓语动词 一 动词不定式 1 不定式的基本形式与结构 动词不定式指通常由 to 加上动词原形构成 2 不定式的用法 动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语 宾语 表语 定语和状语 1 不定式结构作主语 To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge 如果不定式较长 显得头重脚轻 则可由代词让作形式主语 形式主语 it 不可由 that 或 this 等其他代词代替 而将不定式放到后面 如 John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time 不定式的逻辑主语 通常可以通过 for sb to do sth 结构表达 It is not difficult forthose talented students to pass the exam 在某些形容词 如 careless clever considerate foolish good kind naughty nice silly stupid 等 作表语时 不定式后可以加 of 来引导出其逻辑主语 It is very kind of you to tell me the truth 2 不定式作宾语 及物动词 带 to 的不定式结构 只能跟动词不定式的动词 常见的有 afford agree aim appear ask believe care claim decide demand desire determine expect fail happen hesitate hope intend learn long manage offer pretend promise prepare refuse seek swear undertake want wish 等 He managed to solve the complicated problem 动词 疑问代 副 词 不定式 这类动词常见的有 advise decide find out forget know learn see remember teach tell understand wonder 等 常见的疑问代 副 词有 what when where which how whether 等 He does not know when to start 3 不定式做表语 一种情况为主语是不定式 表示条件 表语也是不定式 表示结果 To see is to believe His aim is to study abroad in the near future 4 不定式作定语 There was really nothing to fear Mary needs a friend to play with 5 不定式作状语 He was lucky to arrive before dark She raised her voice to be heared better The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians 不带 to 的不定式的使用 动词不定式通常带 to 但在有些搭配中不带 to 在另一些搭配中可带 to 可不带 to 归 用心 爱心 专心 2 纳起来 以下情况下使用不带 to 不定式 1 在表示感觉意义的动词 如 see feel watch notice smell hear observe 等后 或是表示 致使 意义的动词 如 have let make 等后 动词不定式不带 to 例如 I often heard him say that he would study hard I must have him see his own mistakes 但是 当这类结构转换为被动语态时 后面的不带 to 不定式一般转换为带 to 不定式 例如 He was often heard to say that he would study hard 2 在动词 help 之后可用不带 to 的不定式 也可用带 to 的不定式 例如 Help the old lady to carry the heavy box 3 在 had better would rather may might as well rather than can not but 等搭 配之后 动词不定式也不带 to 例如 Unless you feel to ill to go out I would rather not stay at home tonight She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour 4 下面一些短语是固定搭配 不带 to can not help but can not choose but can not but do nothing but have nothing to do but 例如 I can not but admire his courage 如果上述句中有 do to 省略 I did nothing but watch TV last night 如果是下面一个固定搭配 就带 to I have no choice but to give up my idea 二 动名词 1 动名词的形式 动名词是由动词原形 ing 构成 如 writing 有完成时态和被动语态 如 having written being written 2 动名词的用法 1 动名词作主语 Keeping studying hard will make you pass the exam 2 动名词作宾语 有些动词后面只能带动名词作宾语 不能带不定式作宾语 此类动词常见的有 admit acknowledge anticipate appreciate avoid consider defer delay deny detest dislike ensure enjoy escape excuse evade favour finish forbid imagine include keep mind miss postpone practise resent resist risk suggest quit worth 等 例如 John was considering buying a new car I hope you didn t contemplate coming with us on this trip 3 某些短语后面只能接动名词 不能接不定式 此类短语常见的有 be get used to be accustomed to be dedicated to be devoted to be busy be committed to be suject to cannot help cannot resist cannot stand confess to feel like give up have trouble in have difficulty in have a good hard time in have an objection to it is no good use keep on insist on look forward to object to pay attention to put off succeed in 等 例如 I cannot stand getting up early in the morning 用心 爱心 专心 3 Although punctual himself the professor was quite used to students being late for his lecture 4 动词或短语后面也可以接动名词的被动形式 用主动形式还是被动形式 要根据句子的 意思而定 例如 Carlos just missed being caught I object to being treated like a child 3 另一类动词后面可以带动名词做宾语 也可以带不定式作宾语 带动名词作宾语与带不定式作宾语而意义不同的动词 a 动词 remember forget 后可以跟不定式或动名词 但意义有明显区别 跟动名词 其动 作发生在 记得 或 忘记 的动作之前 跟不定式 其动作发生在 记得 或 忘记 的 动作之后 试比较 I remember posting this letter 我记得这封信已经寄出了 I remember to post this letter in the afternoon 我记得下午要将这封信寄走 b 动词 regret 后可以跟不定式或动名词 但意义有明显区别 regret doing 为做过的事感到抱歉 regret to do 为即将要做的事感到抱歉 试比较 I regret to say that I can not go with you after school I regret having criticized you seriously in class c 动词 try mean can not help used to 后跟不定式还是动名词 取决于这些动词本身 的含义 例如 I meant to go to the exhibition but I forgot mean to do is 算做某事 Success means working very very hard mean doing 意味着做某事 I can t help apologizing can not help doing 忍不住做某事 I can t help to apologize for him can not help to do 不能帮助做某事 d 动词 stop continue go on leaveoff 之后 通常用动名词结构作宾语 如果用不定 式结构 则不是宾语而是目的状语 相当于 in order to 试比较 The students went on reciting the text 学生们继续背诵课文 The students went on to recite the text 学生们停下其他事 继续背诵课文 动名词的逻辑主语问题 动名词 顾名思义 具有名词的特点 即可以加物主代词和名词的属格来表示其逻辑 这时 动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致 这些逻辑主语通常由名词或代词宾格表示 也可由 名词属格或形容词性物主代词表示 We don t understand him needing so much money 代词宾格作逻辑主语 I will never forgive his betraying me by breaking his promise 物主代词作逻辑主 语 三 分词 分词分为现在分词和过去分词 现在分词的构成 v ing 过去分词为 v ed 其否定式在其 前加 not 1 分词的时态和语态 过去分词无时态和语态变化 现在分词有时态和语态变化 主 动被 动 一般式 doing being done 用心 爱心 专心 4 完成式 having done having been done 一般式表示和谓语动作同时发生 Being a student he was interested in books The question being discussed is important 完成式表示在谓语动作之前发生 Having studied in the university for 3 years he knows the way very well Having been criticized by the teacher Li Ming gave up smoking 2 分词的基本用法 分词在句中通常可以用作表语 定语 补语和状语 二 分词的作用 1 作定语 We can t drink the polluted water The man standing by the window is our teacher The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty A young teacher teaching English applied for the job 2 作表语 The news is inspiring The glass is broken 3 作补语 a 表示感觉和心理状态的动词 如 hear feel find listen to look at watch notice observe smell see 等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语 例如 I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting I can smell turkey roasting and it s making me hungry b 表示 致使 等意义的动词 如 catch get have keep leave set 等词的宾语可以 用现在分词作宾语补足语 例如 What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside Please don t keep the machine running while you are away c with without 宾语 宾补 He fell asleep with the lamp burning Without a word spoken he went away 4 作状语 Rushing out of the room he was knocked down by a car 作时间状语 When he rushed out of the room he was knocked down by a car Working harder you will pass the entrance exam 作条件状语 If you work harder you will pass the entrance exam She sat at a window reading a book 作伴随状语 She sat at a window and read a book Having won the championship he was awarded a million dollars 作原因状语 Because he had won the championship he was awarded a million dollars Even if taking a taxi I will still be late for the meeting 作让步状语 Even if take a taxi I w