高中英语情态动词讲解与练习

1 高中英语语法之情态动词高中英语语法之情态动词 一 情态动词的定义 一 情态动词的定义 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度 二 情态动词的特点 二 情态动词的特点 1 有一定词义 2 不受主语人称和数的变化影响 3 与主要动 词的原形 或称不带 to 的不定式 一起构成谓语 除 ought to 作固定词组看待 情态动词无人称和数的变化情态动词无人称和数的变化 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形 否定式构成是在情态动词后面否定式构成是在情态动词后面 加加 not 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式 过去式用来表达更加客气过去式用来表达更加客气 委婉的语委婉的语 气气 时态性不强时态性不强 可用于过去 现在或将来 情态动词属非及物动词 故没有被动语态 可用于过去 现在或将来 情态动词属非及物动词 故没有被动语态 He could be here soon 他很快就来 We can t carry the heavy box 我们搬不动那箱子 I m sorry I can t help you 对不起 我帮不上你 基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是 基本助动词本身没有词义 而情态助动词则基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是 基本助动词本身没有词义 而情态助动词则 有自己的词义 能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法 或表示主观设想 What have you been doing since 构成完成进行体 本身无词义 I am afraid I must be going 一定要 You may have read some account of the matter 或许已经 除此之外 情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征 除此之外 情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征 1 除除 ought 和和 used 以外 其他情态动词后面只能接不带以外 其他情态动词后面只能接不带 to 的不定式 如果我们把的不定式 如果我们把 ought to 和和 used to 看做是固定词组的话 那么 所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带看做是固定词组的话 那么 所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带 to 的不定式 的不定式 We used to grow beautiful roses I asked if he would come and repair my television set 2 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一 They need not have been punished so severely 3 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候 没有词形变化 即其词尾无情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候 没有词形变化 即其词尾无 s 形式 形式 She dare not say what she thinks 4 情态动词没有非限定形式 即没有不定式和分词形式 也没有相应的动名词 情态动词没有非限定形式 即没有不定式和分词形式 也没有相应的动名词 Still she needn t have run away 5 情态助动词的情态助动词的 时时 的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志 在不少场合 情态助动词的现在的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志 在不少场合 情态助动词的现在 时和过去时形式都可以表示现在 过去或将来时间 时和过去时形式都可以表示现在 过去或将来时间 Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something She told him he ought not to have done it 6 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的 即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词 但情态助动词之间是相互排斥的 即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词 但 有时却可以与有时却可以与 have 和和 be 基本助动词连用 基本助动词连用 You should have washed the wound Well you shouldn t be reading a novel 三 情态动词有四类 三 情态动词有四类 只做情态动词 must can could may might ought to 可做情态 动词又可做实义动词 need dare 可做情态动词又可做助动词 shall should will would 具有情态动词特征 have had has to used to 情态动词表猜测 四 情态动词的基本用法 四 情态动词的基本用法 1 can could 1 表示能力 表示能力 could 主要指过去时间 主要指过去时间 Two eyes can see more than one 两只眼比一只眼看得清 Could the girl read before she went to school 这女孩上学前能识字吗 2 表示可能 理论上或是逻辑判断上 表示可能 理论上或是逻辑判断上 The temperature can fall to 60 that is 60 below freezing 气温可降至 60 也就是零下 60 2 He can t couldn t have enough money for a new car 他不可能有足够的钱买新车 You mustn t smoke while you re walking around in the wood You could start a fire 在林子里走时勿吸烟 那样可能会引起火灾 3 表示允许 表示允许 Can I have a look at your new pen 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗 He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading room 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室 4 表惊异 怀疑 不相信等态度 主要用于否定句 疑问句或感叹句中 表惊异 怀疑 不相信等态度 主要用于否定句 疑问句或感叹句中 Where can could they have gone to 他们会去哪儿了呢 He can t couldn t be over sixty 他不可能超过六十岁 How can you be so careless 你怎么这么粗心 5 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法 Can Could you lend me a hand 帮我一把好吗 I m afraid we couldn t give you an answer today 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复 2 may might 1 表允许 表允许 might 可以指过去时间 也可指现在时间 语气更委婉 可以指过去时间 也可指现在时间 语气更委婉 You may take whatever you like 你喜欢什么就拿什么 He told me that I might smoke in the room 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟 May Might I ask for a photo of your baby 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗 在回答以在回答以 may 引起的问句时 多避免用这个词 而用其它方式 如引起的问句时 多避免用这个词 而用其它方式 如 Yes please Certainly Please don t You d better not No you mustn t 等 以免显得太严峻或不客气 等 以免显得太严峻或不客气 2 表可能 事实上 表可能 事实上 可以指过去时间 也可以指现在时间 但语气更加不肯定 可以指过去时间 也可以指现在时间 但语气更加不肯定 He may be at home 他可能在家 She may not know about it 她可能不知道这件事 He was afraid they might not agree with him 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见 They might be having a meeting but I m not sure 他们有可能在开会 不过我不肯定 3 must 1 表示义务 意为 表示义务 意为 必须必须 主观意志 主观意志 We must do everything step by step 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做 You mustn t talk to her like that 你不可能那样对她说话 Must we hand in our exercise books now 我们现在就要交练习本吗 No you needn t No you don t have to 不必 这种情况下 一般不用 mustn t 2 表示揣测 意为 表示揣测 意为 想必 准是 一定想必 准是 一定 等 只用于肯定句 等 只用于肯定句 He must be ill He looks so pale 他准是病了 他的脸色苍白 She s wearing a diamond necklace She must have a lot of money 她戴着钻石项链 一定很有钱 4 shall 1 表征询意见 用于第一 第三人称疑问句 表征询意见 用于第一 第三人称疑问句 Shall I get you some tea 我给你点茶好吗 Shall the boy wait outside 让那男孩在外面等吗 What shall we do this evening 我们今晚做什么 2 表说话人的意愿 有 表说话人的意愿 有 命令 允诺 警告 决心命令 允诺 警告 决心 等意思 用于第二 第三人称陈述句 等意思 用于第二 第三人称陈述句 You shall do as I say 按我说的做 命令 You shall have my answer tomorrow 你明天可以得到我的答复 允诺 3 He shall be sorry for it one day I tell you 有一天他会后悔的 我告诉你 警告 Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划 决心 5 will 1 表意愿 用于各种人称陈述句 表意愿 用于各种人称陈述句 I will do anything for you 我愿为你做任何事 None is so blind as those who won t see 不愿看的人眼最瞎 If you will read the book I ll lend it to you 如果你愿意读这本书 我会把它借给你 2 表请求 用于疑问句 表请求 用于疑问句 Will you close the window It s a bit cold 请你把窗户关上好吗 有点冷 Won t you drink some more coffee 再来一点咖啡好吗 3 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作 Fish will die out of water 鱼离开水就不能活 The door won t open 这门打不开 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点 看着车辆行人通过 6 should 1 表义务 意为 表义务 意为 应该应该 某件事宜于做 某件事宜于做 用于各种人称 用于各种人称 You should be polite to your teachers 你对老师应该有礼貌 You shouldn t waste any time 你不应该浪费时间 2 表推测 意为 表推测 意为 想必一定 照说应该 估计想必一定 照说应该 估计 等 等 The film should be very good as it is starring first class actors 这部新电影是一流演员主演的 估计拍得很好 They should be home by now 照说他们现在应当已经到家了 7 would 1 表意愿 表意愿 They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed 他们不让他进去因为他衣着旧 I said I would do anything for you 我说过我愿意为你做任何事 2 表委婉地提出请求 建议或看法 表委婉地提出请求 建议或看法 Would you like another glass of beer 再来杯啤酒好吗 Would you mind cleaning the window 请把窗户擦一下好吗 They wouldn t have anything against it 他们不会有什么反对意见 3 表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向 表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向 Every time she was in trouble she would go to him for help 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助 他告诉我盒子打不开了 8 ought to 1 表义务 意为 表义务 意为 应该应该 因责任 义务等该做 因责任 义务等该做 口气比 口气比 should 稍重 稍重 You are his father You ought to take care of him 你是他父亲 应当管他 You oughtn t to smoke so much 你不应该抽这么多烟 2 表推测 暗含很大的可能 语气较弱 表推测 暗含很大的可能 语气较弱 Han Mei ought to know his telephone number 韩梅该知道他的电话号码 There s a fine sunset it ought to be a fine day tomorrow 今天有晚霞 明天应该是个好天 9 used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态 现在不复发生或存在 疑问式和否定式有两种 表示过去的习惯动作或状态 现在不复发生或存在 疑问式和否定式有两种 He used to live in the countryside but now he lives in the city 他过去住在乡下 现在住在城里 There used to be a building at the street corner but it has been pulled down 4 街道拐角处过去有座楼房 现在拆了 I usedn t didn t use to smoke 我过去不抽烟 Used you Did you use to go to school on foot 你过去常步行去学校吗 五 其他用法 五 其他用法 首先它是动词 而且不同于行为动词 行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作 如写 首先它是动词 而且不同于行为动词 行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作 如写 读 跑 读 跑 而情态动词只是表达的一种想法 如能 也许 敢 而情态动词只是表达的一种想法 如能 也许 敢 用法是 情态动词用法是 情态动词 行为动词原形行为动词原形 例句 I can read this sentence in English 我能用英语读这句话 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义 表示说话人的情绪表示说话人的情绪 态度或语气的动词态度或语气的动词 但不能单独作谓语但不能单独作谓语 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语 We can be there on time tomorrow 我们明天能按时去那儿 May I have your name 我能知道你的名字吗 Shall we begin now 我们现在就开始吗 You must obey the school rules 你必须遵守校规 情态动词数量不多情态动词数量不多 但用途广泛但用途广泛 主要有下列主要有下列 can could may might must need ought to dare dared shall should will would have to had better 情态动词还有一个很重要的用法 即情态动词表推测情态动词还有一个很重要的用法 即情态动词表推测 情态动词表推测的用法小结情态动词表推测的用法小结 一 情态动词表推测的三种句式 一 情态动词表推测的三种句式 1 在肯定句中一般用在肯定句中一般用 must 一定一定 may 可能 可能 might could 也许 或许 也许 或许 1 He must may might know the answer to this question 他一定 可能 也许知道这个问题的答案 2 It is cold in the room They must have turned off the heating 屋里很冷 他们肯定把暖气关了 2 否定句中用否定句中用 can t couldn t 不可能不可能 may not might not 可能不可能不 1 It can t couldn t be the headmaster He has gone to America 这不可能是校长 他去美国了 2 He may not might not know the scientist 他也许不认识那位科学家 3 疑问句中用疑问句中用 can could 能能 1 Could he have finished the task 他可能把任务完成了吗 2 Can he be at home now 他现在能在家吗 注 以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的 注 以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的 Might could 并非并非 may can 的的 过去式 而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小 过去式 而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小 二 情态动词表推测的三种时态 二 情态动词表推测的三种时态 1 对将来情况的推测 用对将来情况的推测 用 情态动词情态动词 动词原形动词原形 1 She must may might could arrive before 5 5 00 前她一定 可能 也许到 2 She must may might could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone 她一定 可能 也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人 2 对现在或一般情况的推测 用对现在或一般情况的推测 用 情态动词情态动词 be 情态动词情态动词 be doing 或或 情态动词情态动词 动词动词 原形原形 1 He must may might could be listening to the radio now 他一定 可能 也许正在听收音机 2 He can t couldn t may might not be at home at this time 这个时候他不可能 可能不在家 5 3 Mr Bush is on time for everything How can could he be late for the opening ceremony 布什先生一向准时 这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢 3 对过去情况的推测 用对过去情况的推测 用 情态动词情态动词 have 过去分词过去分词 1 It must may might could have rained last night The ground is wet 地湿了 昨晚肯定 可能 也许下雨了 2 The door was locked He can could not may might not have been at home 门锁着 他不可能 可能不在家 3 Can Could he have gotten the book 难道他找到书了吗 注 情态动词注 情态动词 should ought to 表推测时 意为表推测时 意为 想必会 理应想必会 理应 但与但与 have 过去分词过去分词 连用时 则又可构连用时 则又可构 成虚拟语气意为成虚拟语气意为 本应该做某事却没做本应该做某事却没做 例如 例如 4 It s seven o clock Jack should ought to be here at any moment 现在七点钟了 杰克理应随时到达 推测 5 She should ought to have attended your birthday party but she had to look after her mother in hospital 虚拟 她本该出席你的生日晚会的 可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈 6 Tom should not ought not to have told me your secret but he meant no harm 虚拟 汤姆本不该告诉 我你的秘密 可是他并无恶意 六 功能 六 功能 助动词助动词 auxiliary 主要有两类 基本助动词主要有两类 基本助动词 primary auxiliary 和情态助动词和情态助动词 modal auxiliary 基本助动词有三个 基本助动词有三个 do have 和和 be 情态助动词基本的有十四个 情态助动词基本的有十四个 may might can could will would shall should must need dare used to ought to had better 上述两类助动词的共同特上述两类助动词的共同特 征是 在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时 具有作用词的功能 征是 在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时 具有作用词的功能 1 构成否定式 构成否定式 He didn t go and neither did she The meeting might not start until 5 o clock 2 构成疑问式或附加疑问式 构成疑问式或附加疑问式 Must you leave right now You have been learning French for 5 years haven t you 3 构成修辞倒装 构成修辞倒装 Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining 4 代替限定动词词组 代替限定动词词组 A Who can solve this crossword puzzle B Tom can A Shall I write to him B Yes do 重点疑难重点疑难 一 一 need 和和 dare 的用法的用法 need 和和 dare 既可用作情态动词 也可用作实义动词 用作情态动词时 主要用于否定句和疑问句 用作实既可用作情态动词 也可用作实义动词 用作情态动词时 主要用于否定句和疑问句 用作实 义动词时 可用于各种句式 义动词时 可用于各种句式 1 用作情态动词用作情态动词 Need I come Yes you must 我需要来吗 需要 You needn t telephone him now 你现在不必打电话给他 I don t think you need worry 我想你不必发愁 She dare not go out alone at night 她晚上不敢一个人出去 How dare you say I m unfair 你竟敢说我不公平 Not one of them dared mention this 他们谁也不敢提这件事 2 用作实义动词用作实义动词 6 You don t need to do it yourself 你不必亲自做这件事 We need to tell them the news 我们需要把这消息告诉他们 The table needs painting to be painted 桌子需要油漆一下 We should dare to give our own opinion 我们要敢于提出自己的观点 He did not dare to look up 他不敢抬头看 I dare day he ll come again 我想他会再来的 cI dare say 为固定习语 二 情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法 二 情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法 1 情态动词后跟完成式 表情态动词后跟完成式 表 应当已经应当已经 想必已经想必已经 本来可以本来可以 等意 等意 I should have finished the work earlier 我应当早一点完成这项工作的 He isn t here He must have missed the train 他还未到 一定是没赶上火车 Where can could he have gone 他能到那里去了呢 You may might have read about it 你可能在报上已经读到这件事了 You could might have been more careful 你本来可以更细心的 He needn t have worried about it 他本不必为此事担心 There was a lot of fun at yesterday s party You ought to have come but why didn t you 昨天的聚会非常有意思 你本应该来 为何不来呢 2 情态动词后跟进行式 表示情态动词后跟进行式 表示 想必正在想必正在 可能正在可能正在 应当正在应当正在 等意 等意 It s twelve o clock They must be having lunch 现在是十二点 他们一定正在吃饭 They may be discussing this problem 他们可能正在论讨这个问题 He can t be telling the truth 他说的不可能是真话 She shouldn t be working like that She s still so weak 她不应当那样干 她身体仍那么虚 三 几组词的辨异 三 几组词的辨异 1 can 和和 be able to 1 情态动词 情态动词 can 只有两种时态形式 现在式只有两种时态形式 现在式 can 和过去式和过去式 could 而 而 be able to 有多种时态有多种时态 形式 形式 Mary can play the piano She has been able to play it since she was 5 玛丽会弹钢琴 她五岁起就会弹了 2 用在过去时中 用在过去时中 could 经常表示能够做某事 事实上不一定去做 而经常表示能够做某事 事实上不一定去做 而 was were able to 则则 表示表示 过去做成了某事过去做成了某事 在否定句中两者可通用 在否定句中两者可通用 He could swim across the English Channel But he didn t feel like it that day 他能游过英吉利海峡 但那天他不想游 Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里 2 must 和和 have to must 表示主观意志 而表示主观意志 而 have to 表示由于客观因素不得不做某事 表示由于客观因素不得不做某事 must 没有过去式 除在间没有过去式 除在间 接引语中可用于表示过去时间 在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用接引语中可用于表示过去时间 在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用 had to 代替 代替 I told her that she must give up smoking 我叫她必须戒烟 We had to get everything ready that night 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪 3 would 和和 used to 1 used to 表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同 而表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同 而 would 只表过去的情况 只表过去的情况 People used to think that the earth was flat 过去人们认为地球是平的 现在人们不这么认为 She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country 在乡下时 她总是在早晨去散会儿步 可能现在仍有散步的习惯 2 used to 可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况 而可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况 而 would 只表示过去的习惯动作 只表示过去的习惯动作 7 He used to would smoke while writing 过去他写东西时常抽烟 She used to be fat 她过去很胖 专项练习 一 专项练习 一 1 I you because I thought I must be wrong A dare not ask B dare not to ask C dare not asking D dare to not ask 2 There some flowers in the garden A were used to be B used to be C uses to be D used to be having 3 I take it out I m sorry you A Could couldn t B Might might not C Could can D May can t 4 You were stupid to climb the tree You hurt yourself A may B might C will D might have 5 You those letters Why didn t you A should post B should have posted C must have posted D ought to post 6 All the lights are on the Smiths up A must get B is getting C must be getting D would get 7 He lead a horse to the water but he not make it drink A will can B may can C may dares D dare can 8 Need we do this job now Yes A you need B you should C you must D you can 9 to have lunch with us today A Do you likes B Would you like C Will you liked D Have you liked 10 He said that you watch TV all the evening if you wished A may B must C can D might 11 Is John coming by train He should but he not He likes driving his car A must B can C need D may 12 Peter come with us tonight but he isn t very sure yet A must B can C may D will 13 Michael be a policeman for he s much too short A needn t B can t C shouldn t D won t 14 I thought you be hungry so I have brought you some cakes A may B might C can D could 15 I wonder how he that to the teacher A dare to say B dare saying C not dare say D dared say 16 Come on We hurry because there isn t much time left A may B must C can D need 17 Amy did best in the English test She hard last week A must have working B should have worked C should work D must work 18 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out A had to B would C could D was able to 19 I stayed at a hotel while in New York Oh did you You with Barbara A could have stayed B could stay C would stay D must have stayed 20 It s nearly seven o clock Jack be here at any moment A must B need C should D can 答案 1 A2 B3 D4 D5 B6 C7 B8 C9 B10 D11 D12 C13 B14 B15 D16 B17 A18 D19 A20 8 专项练习 二 专项练习 二 1 Jean have kept his promise I wonder why he changed his idea A mustB shouldC needD would 2 Jane have come to the party but she not find the exact time A could couldB might couldC should couldD should would 3 So many mistakes in your homework You more careful A may beB had toC would beD should have been 4 Her brother be at home now because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now A mustn tB needn tC can tD shouldn t 5 I can t understand why our boss is late He the early bus A could missB may have missed C can have missedD might miss 6 She didn t answer the phone she asleep A may beB must beC should have beenD must have been 7 The little girl s eyes were red She A may cryB must cryC must be criedD must have been crying 8 He his supper now for the dining hall is still closed A can t be having B needn t be having C mustn t be having D shouldn t be having 9 I parked my bike behind the building but now it is gone It A may be stolen B must be stolen C must have been stolen D must have stolen 10 Mr Black go to work by ferry before the bridge was built A Did used to B Use toC Did use toD Does use to 11 The hotel is only a stone s throw away you take a bus A need not to B not need to C don t need D need not 12 I am busy now my brother do it for you A WillB ShallC MustD May 13 You needn t do it right now need you Yes I am afraid I A needB needn tC mustD mustn t 14 My English Chinese dictionary has disappeared Who have taken it 2003 年上海春季高 考 A shouldB mustC couldD would 15 The room is so dirty we clean it Of course 2003 年北京春季高考 A WillB ShallC WouldD Do 16 If you have something important to do you waste any time A needn tB mustn tC may notD won t 17 If you want to borrow a football after school your student card here A has to leaveB must leaveC has to be leftD must be left 18 Did you scold him for his carelessness Yes but it A I d rather not do B I d rather not have done C I shouldn t do D I d better not do 19 Don t get near to it It is too dangerous A Yes I won tB No I don t C No I can tD No I won t 20 He must be in the classroom he A mustn tB can tC isn t D can 21 He be in the garden He must be in the room A can tB mustn tC will notD may not 22 Do you have to leave now I am very sorry but I really 9 A can tB haveC shouldD must 23 Let s go to the library shall we A No I can tB Yes I willC Yes thank you D No we d better not 24 Can I take it away You better not A should B couldC would D had 25 You have brought your camera They all had theirs with them A couldn tB needn tC wouldn tD mustn t 26 See who is there it be May A MayB MustC CanD Will 27 John be a basketball player He is much too short A mayB mustn tC can tD should 28 The Chinese teacher looks so pale She be ill A mustB mustn tC canD need 29 Something to save our earth Do you think so A can doB must doC has to doD must be done 30 Look at what you have done You be more careful A oughtB canC wouldD should 专项练习 三 专项练习 三 1 Has Li Lin started He said he would join in the party He He is a man of keeping his word A could have left B must have left C can t come D won t be coming 2 May I park my car here No you No car is allowed to park here A may not B needn t C mustn t D daren t 3 Excuse me could you tell me where the Yajia Supermarket is It s two blocks straight ahead You miss it A mustn t B can t C needn t D shouldn t 4 I saw Mr Sun at Tongyu Station this morning You He s still on holiday in Hawaii A couldn t have B mustn t have C shouldn t D needn t 5 How about paying a visit to Dr Wang our former Chinese teacher Good idea I will e mail him today so that he know to expect us A shall why B could when C would what D will how 6 Everything has two sides Beautiful songs sometimes be j