托福独立写作技巧方法讲解

独立部分作文笔记 原创 独立部分作文笔记 原创 一 一 TWE 评分过程评分过程 1 不必在意的四件事 破除原有误解 不必在意英语和美语的差异 不必在意口语与书面语的差异 不必在意任何文化差异 不必在意语言是否地道 2 6 分评分标准 Readers should focus on what the examinee does well Scores6 Demonstrates clear competence in writing on both the rhetorical and syntactic levels though it may have occasional errors A paper in this category effectively addresses the writing task is well organized and well developed uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas displays consistent facility in the use of language demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice 二 评分标准的分析二 评分标准的分析 评分标准一 评分标准一 effectively addresses the writing task 1 简单说明文 简单说明文 Explanation I Background Information Thesis Statement 1 段 II Supporting 2 3 段 例 21 In general people are living longer now Discuss the causes of this phenomenon Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay Supporting A 食物改善 B 技术进步 C 社会和经济环境的稳定 Topic Sentence Among various factors that have made people live longer are A B and C A is very important factor 粗粮 细粮 肉食 牛奶 水质 自来水 矿泉水 Equally important is B 医疗技术使很多过去的绝症轻易获得治疗 如百日咳 肺结核等 Matching A and B is another essential factor C 战争 社会动荡 经济动荡都会影响人们的寿命 主题句的写法 尽量不要只使用抽象名词 尽量暗示文章将来结构 主题句写好了可以没有结论句 主题句应该值得解释 值得证明 2 对比 对照 对比 对照 Compare as well too equally of equal importance 否定句 either neither nor A good environment will make people happier A nice environment will also make people healthier A poor environment will not make people happier A bad environment will not make people healthier either 或 Nor a bad environment will make people healthier 4 not but 计算机不仅给人们带来了方便 还是人们学得更多 Computers have not only brought convenience but they have also made people learn more 补充补充 分割效果分割效果 1 主语和谓语动词之间主语和谓语动词之间 2 助动词和实意动词之间助动词和实意动词之间 3 系动词和表语之间系动词和表语之间 only also not simply but as well merely even not that but that Not that emails or telephones have made people less personal but that people themselves have become less personal One of several possible reasons is that people usually lack of adequate communicating skills A good environment will make people happier A nice environment will make people healthier as well A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier but it will even make them more productive 2 重复成分重复成分 a 重复形容词重复形容词 iii a so a that as to b 重复名词重复名词 iv n n that In fact history is interesting so interesting that many are obsessed by it because people always cannot help knowing the truth Parents or other adults often give merely a casual answer to a serious question from a curious child an answer that makes no sense at all and might have unforeseeable negative consequence in the future 3 从句从句 a whether if what how 做宾语 a when whenever while ing ed b if whether adj c what how when where to d n of which 深入研究转折 1 形容词的转折并列形容词的转折并列 simple yet effective method a simple direct practical yet magically effective method irrational yet understandable decision a fair and balance yet undesirable decision obvious yet not the most significant reason expensive yet worthy course slow yet indispensable process A weird entertaining yet TRUE story 2 包装 反复取非 包装 反复取非 History is useful History is not useful It is commonly believed that history is not useful However this is a prevailing misunderstanding Hypocrites lie Hypocrites do not tell the truth Hypocrites do tell the truth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so they can benefit Hypocrites have many forms but they have one thing in common Hypocrites do tell the truth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so they can benefit Although most people were hostile to the hypocritical behaviors and believe profoundly in the sacredness of truth and the inviolable freedom of those who dare to tell the truth they often betray their principle dignity and in effect become accompanies of other hypocrites Hypocrites have many forms but always have one thing in common they essentially have no principle at all They tell the truth when and only when they feel the truth is on their side otherwise they would refuse rather than accept the truth or remain silence even choose to lie for the sake of their own safety if they find they are threatened even when that threat is at most potential It s fortunate that our society always has a small portion of citizens who always try to insist their principles and struggle to defend even when tremendous cost is anticipated When nearly everyone in this society had learnt to remain silence Doctor Jiang Yan Yong stood out and shouted the truth about SARS When nobody in this country is not afraid of AIDS Doctor Gao Yao Jie is rushing around to help the helpless When most people in this country believe money is everything and should be made by whatever means is possible Zhou Li Tai as a lawyer is persistently fighting for the weakest group who might be incapable of paying his consultant fee 附录四附录四 例证表达法例证表达法 大家最熟悉的当然是 for example 和 for instance 了 这两个表达 法后面可以接名词性成分或者句子 还可以说 take for example 比 如 Let s take an extreme case for example 用来修饰 example 的形容词很多 应该熟练掌握 characteristic classic prime representative typical excellent fine good impressive magnificent outstanding perfect superb wonderful fascinating interesting intriguing notable remarkable striking graphic vivid dramatic extreme spectacular clear obvious simple straightforward blatant flagrant glaring familiar famous well known notorious common rare much quoted oft quoted often quoted illustrative helpful illuminating instructive useful practical concrete hypothetical 这里面要是你有哪个词不认识 那就一定要背下来 然后写作文的时候用 上 这样你就用了一些 别人可能不用的词汇 显得稍微superior 了一点 能够对 example 发出的动作有 give provide contain include cite draw take sth a s f i n d 而 example 能够发出的动作有 abound demonstrate illustrate show 等等 也可以直接让 例子 发出动作 比如这样的情况 The behavior of Meerkats giving alarm calls clearly well exemplifies the existence of altruism 有很多个例子的时候 用这样的表达法 A B C and so on 或者 A B C and etc 如果是口语表达 比较常用的有 and something like that 或者 a n d s t u f f l i ke that 有的时候 你可能在举了很多个例子之后想说 就更不用提了 或 者 更不消说 那用的表达法是 not to men t i o n 或者 let alone 举例子的时候 可以先举几个例子然后再概括一下 或者反过来 先概括 之后列举几个实例 所使用的结构分别是 A such B as X Y and Z 或者 X Y Z and other A 例如 History philosophy fundamental mathematics and other abstract subjects can be learnt mainly from books Some subjects such abstract ones as history philosophy and fundamental mathematics can be learnt mainly from books 有的时候 举例子可能需要做出限定或者指定 那可以用 as 这个词 例如 A narrow confining room as in a prison or convent would make anyone nuts 能够用丰富的例子说明问题其实是一种能力 关键在于平时的刻意积累 如果你有能力举出很多例子 那就需要这样的句型 Examples abound in history our daily life that Examples instances are countless innumerable numerous Stories abound of alcoho l i c s who flush their daily pill down the t o i l e t or cheek it only to dispose of it later Similar examples of nuptial gifts abound throughout the anima l world History Our daily life This world abounds in examples which demonstrate The list will go on The list would be endless if we try to make an inventory of such examples The litany of drug damage goes on and on The list of profit making instinct exploiting products is long Self image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident pretentious shy aggressive outgoing or exuberant to name only a few personality traits 如果你举的例子非常经典 又显而易见 不妨使用这个句型 Remember that 相当于 记得 吧 If we want to predict how aggressively a man will guard his wife we need look no further than age 想想 看看就可以了 Success requires a tenacious spirit and a drive to achieve Nowhere is this more apparent in the entertainment business Thousands of actors and actresses work tenaciously to have a car