高考英语 定语从句完整总结 牛津版

用心 爱心 专心1 定定语语从从句句 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句 其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名 词性成分 相当于形容词 所以又称为 形容词性从句 一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词 后面 关关系系词词 引引导导定定语语从从句句的的关关联联词词称称为为关关系系词词 关关系系词词有有关关系系代代词词和和关关系系副副词词 关关系系代代词词 有 that which who whom whose as 等 绝对没有 w wh ha at t 关系系副副词词有 where when why 等 关系词常有 3 个作用 连连接接作作用用 引引导导定定语语从从句句 代代替替主主句句中中的的先先行行词词 甚甚至至可可能能是是主主句句中中的的一一部部分分或或者者整整个个主主句句 在在定定语语从从句句中中充充当当一一句句子子成成分分 注 关系代词有主语 宾语之分 一般whom 作为宾语 关系代词在从句中作主 语 宾语 表语 定语等 关系副词在从句中作地点状语 时间状语 原因状语等 定定语语 定语用来限定 修饰名词或代词的 是对名词或代词起修饰 限定作用的词 短 语 动词不定式短语 动名词短语和分词短语 或句子 汉语中常用 的的 表 示 主要由形容词担任 此外 名词 代词 数词 分词 副词 不定式以及 介词 短语也可以来担任 也可以由一个句子来担任 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之 前 作前置定语 短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后 作后置定语 先先行行词词 被定语从句修饰的名词 代词称为先行词 关关系系代代词词引引导导的的定定语语从从句句举举例例 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词 并在从句中充当主语 宾语 定 语等成分 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持 一致 w wh ho o w wh ho om m t th ha at t 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词 who 做主语指人 whom 作宾语指人 that 既可作主语又可作宾语 作宾语可以省略 可以指人也可以指物 在从句中所 起作用如下 1 Is he the man who that wants to see you 他就是想见你的人吗 who that 在从句中作主语 2 He is the man whom that I saw yesterday 他就是我昨天见的那个人 whom that 在从句中作宾语 W Wh ho os se e 用用来来指指人人或或物物 只只用用作作定定语语 若若指指物物 它它还还可可以以同同 o of f w wh hi ic ch h 互互换换 指指人人的的时时候候也也可可以以用用 o of f w wh ho om m 代代替替 1 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down 那人 车坏了 大家都跑过去帮忙 2 Please pass me the book whose of which color is green 请递给 我那本绿皮的书 w wh hi ic ch h t th ha at t 它它们们所所代代替替的的先先行行词词是是事事物物的的名名词词或或代代词词 在在从从句句中中可可作作主主语语 宾宾语语等等 作作宾宾语语时时 可可以以省省略略 例例如如 1 A prosperity which that had never been seen before appears in the countryside 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣 which that 在句中作主语 2 The package which that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped 你拿那个包裹快要散开了 which that 在句中作宾语 4 4 a as s a as s 可可以以做做主主语语 也也可可以以作作宾宾语语 作作宾宾语语时时可可以以省省略略 指指人人或或者者物物 限限定定性性定定语语从从句句 关关系系代代词词 关系代词 在句中作主语 宾语或定语 1 that 既可代表事物也可代表人 which 代表事物 它们在从句中作主语或宾 语 that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词 which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略 eg This is the book which you want 2 如果 which 在从句中作 不及物动词 介词 的介词的宾语 注意介词不要 丢掉 而且介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边 但有的则放在它原来的位置 3 代表物时多用 which 但在下列情况中用 that 而不用 which 用心 爱心 专心2 a 先行词是 anything everything nothing none 等不定代词时 b 先行词由 every any all some no little few much 等修饰时 这时 的 that 常被省略 c 先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 d 先行词就是序数词或最高级时 e 先行词中既有人又有物时 f 整个句中前面已有 which 时 g 当先行词为物并作表语时 4 who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人 分别作从句中的主语和宾语 whom 作 宾语时 要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5 whose 是关系代词 修饰名词作定语 相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 它引 导的从句可以修饰人和物 当它引导的从句修饰物体时 可以与 of which 调换 表 达的意思一样 关关系系副副词词 关系副词 在句中作状语 关系副词 介词 关系代词 why for which where in at on which 介词同先行词搭配 when during on in which 介词同先行词搭配 1 where 是关系副词 用来表示地点的定语从句 2 when 引导定语从句表示时间 注 值得一提的是 表示时间 time 一词的 定语从句只用 when 引导 有时不用任何关系代词 当然也不用that 引导 By the time you arrived in London we had stayed there for two weeks I still remember the first time I met her Each time he goes to business trip he brings a lot of living necessities such as towels soap toothbrush etc 3 当从句的逻辑主语是 some any no somebody anybody nobody something anything everything 或 nothing 时 常用 there is 来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you 这里有人要和你说话 非非限限制制性性定定语语从从句句 非限制性定语从句 的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明 通常是引导词和先行 词之间用逗逗号号隔开 将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1 which 引导的非限制性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和 指示代词所修饰时 其后的定语从句通常是 非限制性的 例如 Charles Smith who was my former teacher retired last year 查理 史 密斯去年退休了 他曾经是我的老师 My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden 我去年 买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园 This novel which I have read three times is very touching 这本小说 很动人 我已经读了三遍 3 非限制性定语从句 还能将整个主句作为先行词 对其进行修饰 这时从句谓 语动词要用第三人称单数 例如 He seems not to have grasped what I meant which greatly upsets me 他似乎没抓住我的意思 这使我心烦 Liquid water changes to vapor which is called evaporation 液态水变 为蒸汽 这就叫做蒸发 4 有时 as 也可用作关系代词 5 在非限定性定语从句中 不能用关系副词why 和关系代词 that 而用 who whom 代表人 用 which whose 代表事物 如果需要用 why 可用 for which 代替 p s which 引导非限制性定语从句其后不可省略成分 as 可以 关关系系代代词词引引导导的的定定语语从从句句 w wh ho o 指指人人在在从从句句中中做做主主语语 或或宾宾语语 做做宾宾语语时时可可省省略略 1 The boys who are playing football are from Class One 在踢足球的男 孩们是一班的 2 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way 昨天 我帮助了一个 迷路的老人 用心 爱心 专心3 w wh ho om m 指指人人 在定语从句中充当宾语 常省略 注 who 和 whom 已无太大区别 基本可以 通用 区别是 who 可以做主语而 whom 不可以 whom 前可以加介词如 to whom 但是 who 不可以 1 Mr Liu is the person whom you talked with on the bus 刘先生就 是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人 2 Mr Ling is just the boy whom I want to see 凌先生恰巧就是我想见 的那个男孩 3 The man who whom you met just now is my friend 你刚刚见到的那个人 就是我的朋友 注意 关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替 可省略 如果在从句中做宾语 就用 whom 或 who 比如 He is the man whom who I talk to 他就是那个和我聊天的男人 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who 比如 He is the man who has an English book 他就是那个有英语书的男人 w wh ho os se e 通通常常指指人人也也可可指指物物 在在定定语语从从句句中中做做定定语语 1 He has a friend whose father is a doctor 2 I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in whose 指物时 常用 以下结构来代替 3 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired 4 The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired 5 Do you like the book whose color is yellow 6 Do you like the book the color of which is yellow w wh hi ic ch h 指指物物 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语 做宾语时可省略 1 Football is a game which is liked by most boys 足球是大多数男孩都 喜欢的游戏 2 This is the pen which he bought yesterday 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔 t th ha at t 指指人人时时 相当于 who 或者 whom 指物时 相当于 which 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语 做宾语时可省略 5 The number of the people that who come to visit the city each year rises one million 6 Where is the man that whom I saw this morning 关关系系副副词词引引导导的的定定语语从从句句 w wh he en n 指指时时间间 在定语从句中做时间状语 1 I still remember the day when I first came to the school 2 The time when we got together finally came w wh he er re e 指指地地点点 在定语从句中做地点状语 1 Shanghai is the city where I was born 2 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down w wh hy y 指指原原因因 在定语从句中做原因状语 1 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 2 I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today 注意 关系副词引导的从句可以由 介词 关系代词 引导的从句替换 1 The reason why for which he refused the invitation is not clear 2 From the year when in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up 介介词词和和关关系系代代词词 1 介词后面的关系词不能省略 2 that 前不能有介词 用心 爱心 专心4 3 某些在从句中充当时间 地点或原因状语的 介词 关系词 结构可以同关系 副词 when where 和 why 互换 This is the house in which I lived two years ago This is the house where I lived two years ago Do you remember the day on which you joined our club Do you remember the day when you joined our club This is the reason why he came late This is the reason for which he came late 介词 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词 关系代词引导 当介词放在关系代词前面时 关系代词只能用which whom 即 介词 which whom 且不能省略 但当介词位于末尾时可用that which who whom 作介词 的宾语 且可以省略 例如 1 The school that which he once studied in is very famous that which 可以省略 The school in which he once studied is very famous which 不可省略 2 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine that which you asked for Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked 3 We ll go to hear the famous singer whom that who we have often talked about We ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked 注意 1 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用 如 look for look after take care of 等 T This is the watch which that I am looking for T 正确 F This is the watch for which I am looking F 错误 2 若介词放在关系代词前 关系代词指人时用whom 不可用 who 或者 that 指物时用 which 不能用 that 关系代词是所有格时用 whose 1 The man with whom you talked is my friend T The man with that you talked is my friend F 2 The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable T The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable F 3 介词 关系代词 前可有 some any none both all neither most each few 等代词或者数词 1 He loved his parents deeply both of whom are very kind to him 2 In the basket there are quite many apples some of which have gone bad 3 There are forty students in our class in all most of whom are from big cities 关关系系代代词词 关系代词 一般情况下 that 可用 who whom 和 which 在从句做主语 谓动词 的宾语 但是不能做介词的宾语 which 指物 在从句中作主语 谓语或宾语 who 在从句中作主语 whom 在从句中宾语 where 在从句中修饰表地点的名词 做地点状语 when 在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词 做时间状语 why 在从句中做原因状语 先行词通常是 reason 有时 why 也可用 for which 代替 例 A doctor is a person who looks after people s health 主语 谓语 先行词 定语从句修饰先行词 判判断断介介词词和和关关系系代代词词 方法一 用关系代词 还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词 不及物动词 后面无宾语 就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词 而及物动词后接宾语 则 要求用关系代词 例如 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year I ll never forget the days when I worked together with you 判断改错 注 先显示题 再显示答案 横线 用不同的颜色表示出 错 This is the mountain village where I visited last year 错 I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside 对 This is the mountain village which I visited last year 用心 爱心 专心5 对 I ll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where when 联系在一起 此两题 错在关系词的误用上 方法二 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 主 谓 宾 定 状 也能正 确选择出关系代词 关系副词 例 1 Is this museum you visited a few days ago A where B that C on which D the one 例 2 Is this the museum the exhibition was held A where B that C on which D the one 答案 例 1 D 例 2 A 例 1 变为肯定句 This museum is you visited a few days ago 例 2 变为肯定句 This is the museum the exhibition was held 在句 1 中 is 后应跟表语 只有 the one 可以 而后面的 you visited a few days ago 则做 one 的定语从句 而句 2 中 主 谓 宾俱全 从句部分为句子的状语表地点 既可用副词 where 又因 in the museum 词组 可用介词 in which 引导地点状语 而此题中 介词 on 用的不对 所以选 A 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分 先行词在从句中做主 定 宾语时 选择 关系代词 who whom that which whose 先行词在从句中做状语时 应选择关系副词 where 地点状语 when 时间状 语 why 原因状语 先先行行词词和和关关系系词词 1 Whoever spits in public will be punished here Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替 2 The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school what 可以用 all that 代替 但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了 是 名词性从句 因为定语从句一定要有先行 词 而名词性从句没有 将 Whoever what 分别用 Anyone who all that 代替后 才是定语从句 先行词分别是 Anyone all as which 引导的非限制性定语从句 由 as which 引导的非限定性定语从句 as 和 which 可代整个主句 相当于 and this 或 and that As 一般放在句首 which 在句中 As we know smoking is harmful to one s health The sun heats the earth which is very important to us 典型例题 1 Alice received an invitation from her boss came as a surprise A it B that C which D he 此为非限定性从句 不能用 that 修饰 而用 which it 和 he 都使后句成为 句子 两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接 况且选he 句意不通 答答案案 C C 2 The weather turned out to be very good was more than we could expect A what B which C that D it which 可代替句子 用于非限定性定语从句 而what 不可 That 不能用于非限 定性定语从句 it 不为连词 使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在 英语语法上行不 通 答答案案 B B 3 It rained hard yesterday prevented me from going to the park A that B which C as D it as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时 这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个 意思 且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语 但不同之处主要有两点 1 as 引 导的定语从句可置于句首 而which 不可 2 as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时 从句中的谓语必须是系动 词 若为行为动词 则从句中的关系代词只能用which 在本题中 prevent 由于是行为动词 所以正确选项应为B As 的用法例 1 th same as such as 中的 as 是一种固定结构 和 一样 I have got into the same trouble as he has 例 2 as 可引导非限制性从句 常带有 正如 As we know smoking is harmful to one s health 用心 爱心 专心6 As is known smoking is harmful to one s health As 是关系代词 例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语 例 2 中 它充当从句的主语 谓语动词know 要用被动式 关关系系代代词词 t th ha at t 的的用用法法 1 不用 that 的情况 a 在引导非限定性定语从句时 错 The tree that is four hundred years old Is very famous here b 介词后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food We depend on the land that which we get our food from 2 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a 在 there be 句型中 只用 that 不用 which b 在不定代词 如 anything nothing the one all 等作先行词时 只 用 that 不用 which c 先行词有 the only the very the same the last just 修饰时 只用 that d 先行词为序数词 数词 形容词最高级时 只用that 不能用 which e 先行词既有人 又有物时 f 先行词指物 在主句中作表语时 g 为了避免重复 h 先行词是 the way 或 the reason 时 that 可作关系副词 也可省略 i 主句的主语是疑问词 who which 时 举例 Is this the book that you borrowed in the library 这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗 Who that break the window should be punished 谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚 All that is needed is a supply of oil 所需的只是供油问题 Finally the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察 必用 that 的情况 1 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰 2 是序数词或被序数词修饰 3 不定代词 4 先行词即指人又指物 5 被 only the every no one of 等修饰 6 主句有 which who whom 7there be 句型中 8 如果有两个从句 其中一个关系代词已用了which 另一个关系代词宜用 that 9 先行词在主句中作表语 或者关系代词本身作从句的表语是宜用that that 在作宾语时可省 难难点点分分析析 一 限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况 1 当先行词是 anything everything nothing something 除外 few all none little some 等代词时 或者是由 every any all some no little few much each 等修饰时 1 Have you taken down everything that Mr Li has said 2 There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world 3 All that can be done has been done 4 There is little that I can do for you 注意 1 部分时候 that 可以省略 如部分例句将 that 用括号括住 注意 2 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可以用who 4 Any man that who has a sense of duty won t do such a thing 2 当先行词被序数词修饰 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben 3 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have seen 4 当形容词被 the very the only the same the last 修饰时 1 This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy 用心 爱心 专心7 2 After the fire in his house the old car is the only thing that he owned 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可以用who 3 Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting 5 当先行词前面有 who which 等疑问代词时 1 Who is the man that is standing there 2 Which is the T shirt that fits me most 6 当先行词既有人 也有动物或者物体时 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned 7 当关系代词在定语从句中做表语 The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago 8 当在 there be 句型中 通常情况下用 that 不用 which 二 关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句 有相同之处也有不同之处 具体情况是 1 As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语 代表前面整个句子 1 He married her as which was natural 2 He was honest as which we can see 2 as 引导非限制性定语从句 可放在主句之前 或者主句之后 甚至可以切割 一个主句 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后 另外 as 有 正 如 正像 的意思 1 As is known to all China is a developing country 2 He is from the south as we can see from his accent 3 John as you know is a famous writer 4 He has been to Paris more than several times which I don t believe 注注意意 当当主主句句和和从从句句存存在在逻逻辑辑上上的的因因果果关关系系时时 常常用用w wh hi ic ch h 5 Tom was always late for school which made his teacher angry 3 当先行词受 such the same 修饰时 常用 as 1 I have never heard such a story as he tells 2 He is not such a fool as he looks 3 This is the same book as I lost last week 注意 当先行词由 the same 修饰时 偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句 但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 4 She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary s wedding 她穿着她在 MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子 5 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore 她穿着和她妹妹所 穿的一样的裙子 注意 定语从句 such as 与结果状语从句 such that 的区别 as 在所引 导的定语从句中作主语 宾语 that 在结果状语从句中不做成分 6 He has such a good laptop as I want to buy 7 He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one 三 以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which that 引导 而且通常可 以省略 The way in which that he answered the question was surprising 四 but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 There are very few but understand his idea but who don t 五 区分定语从句和 同位语从句 1 定语从句修饰先行词 它和先行词是修饰关系 同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容 是补充说明的关系 1 The plane that has just taken off is for London 定语从句 2 The fact that he has been dead is clear 同位语从句 2 定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导 关系词在句中充当成分 有时可以省 略 同位语从句主要由 that 引导 在句中一般不做成分 句子也可以由 when where how why whether what 等词引导 充当成分 1 The news he told me is true 2 The news that he has just died is true 用心 爱心 专心8 3 The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money 定语 4 The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve 3 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be 动词发展成一个完整的句子 而定语从 句不可以发展成一个完整的句子 1 The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful 同位 语 2 The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice 3 The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all 4 The fact is that the earth moves around the earth 定语从句 介词 关系词 1 介词后面的关系副词不能省略 2 that 前不能有介词 3 某些在从句中充当时间 地点或原因状语的 介词 关系词 结构可以同关系副 词 when 和 where 互换 例如 This is the house in which I lived two years ago 这是我两年前住过的房 子 This is the house where I lived two years ago Do you remember the day on which you joined our club 还记得你加入我 们俱乐部的那一天吗 Do you remember the day when you joined our club 1 The knife we used to cut the bread is very sharp A whichB withC with itD with which 2 The brave man the tiger was shot is a good hunter A of whomB by thatC by whomD by which 3 The clever boy made a hole in the wall he could see what it was going on inside the house A on whichB at whichC through whichD in which 4 The beautiful dress Miss Jones went to the ball was borrowed from a friend of hers A in whichB worn byC through whichD on which 5 During the days he worked as a servant at the Browns A that followedB to follow C followingD followed 6 You may take anything useful A which you wantB you want them C what you wantD you want 7 My hometown is no longer the same it used to be A like B thatC asD which 8 The old woman has two sons one is a teacher A of whoB of whomC of whichD of them 9 You can take any seat is free A in which B thatC whereD which 10 Is there anything to you A that belongB which belongs C that belongsD that is belonged 11 We hope to get such a tool he is using A whereB thatC asD which 12 Finally came the day he had to begin his study for the next term 用心 爱心 专心9 A tillB thatC sinceD which 13 She hasn t got enough money she buys the rings A for whichB with whichC thatD which 14 I ve read all the books were borrowed from the library A theyB whichC D that 15 This is the best hotel in the city I know A itB whereC thatD which 16 Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn A itB whichC D that 17 The Second World War millions of people were killed ended in 1945 A on whichB whereC in thatD during which 18 The train she was traveling was late A on thatB for whichC on whichD which 19 Winter is the time of year the days are short and nights are long A on whichB thatC whenD where 20 I ll show you a store you may buy all you need A that thatB which thatC where whichD in which 21 I still remember the day she first wore that p