传统窑炉（文字加英文）

景德镇制瓷传统窑炉景德镇制瓷传统窑炉 瓷器之成 窑火是赖 窑炉在制瓷业中至关重要 景德镇制瓷 的传统窑炉主要有龙窑 馒头窑 葫芦窑和蛋形窑 龙窑为景德镇瓷业在宋元时期广泛砌筑和使用的一种窑炉 它 依山坡或土堆倾斜建造 前端低 为窑头 后端高 为窑尾 就像 一条火龙 窑体由于倾斜而起到了烟囱的作用 依靠坡度形成的抽 力 可以形成火焰温度和气氛 由于窑身长 所以能有效地利用热 量 使热损降到极小 烧炼升降温速度较快 生产周期短 馒头窑为景德镇瓷业宋至明代砌筑和使用一种窑炉 因窑炉外 形似馒头而得其名 半倒焰式馒头窑将排烟孔从窑室顶移至窑炉的 后壁 燃烧的火焰从火膛喷向窑室室顶 窑顶没有出路 而后壁却 具有排烟孔和烟囱形成的吸引力 火焰于是倒向窑室的后半部 这 样延长了火焰在窑室内活动的路线和时间 充分利用了热能 葫芦窑是景德镇瓷业元代至清初砌筑和使用的一种窑炉 它分 前后两个窑室 形如半个葫芦卧于地面 明末宋应星记 其窑上空 十二圆眼 名曰天窗 火以十二时辰为足 先发门火十个时 火力 从下攻上 然后天窗掷柴烧两时 火力从上透下 可知葫芦窑同时 运用了龙窑和马蹄窑的砌筑技术 是蛋形镇窑的前身 景德镇窑 又称柴窑 窑炉外形如半个鸭蛋覆于地面 所以又 称蛋形窑 窑体有窑室 侧墙 拱蓬 燕尾墙 烟囱等几个构成部 分 全窑约长十六米 容积约三百立方米 燃料为松柴 可装烧高 中 低温的瓷坯 适于多品种瓷器生产 镇窑结构简单 建造费用 低 燃料消耗小 可烧还原气氛 达到了传统窑炉砌结工艺的最高 水平 Jingdezhen Classic Ceramic Making Kilns Kiln fire is essential to the ceramic making so the kiln s structure is crucial Traditional kilns in Jingdezhen were mainly dragon shaped kiln dome kiln gourd shaped kiln and egg shaped kiln Dragon shaped kilns were widely used for ceramic manufacture in Jingdezhen from Song to Yuan dynasties They were built leaning on the slope hills or the bumping ground with front part low and hind part high seeming like a dragon The slating shape of the kiln has a draught and help to accelerate flames and temperatures functioning as a chimney With its long body the kiln can utilize the temperature to its top degree by minimizing the heat loss Besides the temperature in it can soar up rapidly so the cycle of the firing is relatively short Dome kilns were used in Jingdezhen from Song to Ming dynasties It was named for its resemblance to dome in shape In the kilns with half down draught flames the smoke exit was opened at the back wall of the kiln instead of on the roof So burning flames would be stopped from the top and were pulled to the back part because of the force by the smoking exit at the back wall In this way it can prolong the burning time and therefore make a fuller use of the heat inside The gourd shaped kiln was mainly used from Yuan to early Qing dynasties in Jingdezhen It has two chambers resembling to a gourd lying on the ground According to the record by Song Yingxing in Ming dynasty On the top of the kiln there are 12 round openings which are called sky lights The burning duration is 12 Chinese time section one time section is two hours during the first ten time section fire is charged to the kiln from the front then burning wood is thrown in from the top openings for two time section making fire down pouring from the top It could be seen that the gourd shaped kiln combines technical merits of both dragon shaped kiln and horse hoof shaped kiln being the ex form of egg shaped kiln Jingdezhen kiln conventionally called Zhen kiln is also called wood kiln and egg shaped kiln as well simply for its outter shape s resemblance to a half egg The kiln includes the chamber side wall arch swallow tailed wall and chimney The whole kiln is about 16 meters in length with capacity of about 300 cube meters and pine wood as fuel The kiln can be used for the ceramic products of various levels of temperatures low medium or high This Zhen kiln has advantages