汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英

湖北科技学院国培计划结业设计 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 国培计划国培计划 结业设计结业设计 The Effects of positive transfer and negative transfer of Chinese on English Language Learning 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英 语学习的影响语学习的影响 学员姓名学员姓名 朱婷婷朱婷婷 培训院系培训院系 外国语学院外国语学院 培训学科培训学科 小学英语小学英语 指导教师指导教师 吴咏花吴咏花 设计成绩设计成绩 湖北科技学院教务处制 湖北科技学院国培计划结业设计 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 通山县厦铺镇翠屏小学 朱婷婷 Abstract In China most people s second language learning is learning English and most Chinese students English learning is under the condition of having a command of Chinese So the habit of Chinese must have some effects on the command of English On the basis of the language similarities it is regarded to be positive However since they belong to different language families with differences in phonetics semantics culture and some specific grammar rules the learning experience of Chinese does hinder the learning of English to some degree Realizing the deficiency of the research on transfer theory in the aspect of second language acquisition scholars suggest that the main characters of the learner has the leading function in transfer they hold the point that most transfer does not happened spontaneously which needs learners to realize initiatively and also it needs learners high perception and the participation of working ability Theories in this discipline such as comparative analysis theory function significantly in the perception of different things among students The author develops the present thesis from the perspective of second language acquisition in the light of the former researches and achievements that have achieved in transfer theory the author makes a pilot study on the effects of Chinese proficiency on English learning aiming at improving the efficiency of English learning among Chinese learners This paper intends to discuss the positive transfer and negative transfer between Chinese and English from different aspects at different levels in detail In the process of discussion the paper introduces the concept of transfer the historical development of transfer and points out the three factors affecting transfer the language the learning environment and the learner Also the paper discusses the strategies to deal with transfer In the study the author found that in the process of second language acquisition having a good understanding of the differences between the two languages and making full use of the positive elements and avoiding the influence of the negative elements are the most important The paper is composed on the basis of previous studies Since it is just restricted to elementary study to the shortages the author will make some deeper discussion in the future study Key Words Chinese English learning positive transfer negative transfer 湖北科技学院国培计划结业设计 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 摘摘 要要 在中国 绝大多数人学习的第二语言学习是学习英语 大多数中国学生是在 掌握了汉语的情况下才开始学习英语 因此 原有的汉语知识必然会对新的语 言系统的掌握产生影响 当两种语言存在相同之处时 产生正迁移 然而 由 于英汉这两种语言属于不同的语言体系 他们在语音 语义 文化 以及特别 在一些语法反面有差异 汉语的学习经历在某种程度张阻碍也英语的学习 在 二语习得领域 好多学者意识到对迁移理论研究的不足 他们相继指出学习者 的主体特性在迁移中起着主导作用 认为大部分的迁移都不是自动发生的 需 要学习者的主动意识及高级的认知加工能力的参与 该领域的相关理论 如 对比分析理论 对学生对不同事物的认知方面起到显著作用 本研究从二语习 得理论角度出发 以对迁移理论方面所取得的研究成果为基础 探究汉语对英 语学习的影响 旨在提高中国学习者英语学习的效率 本文力求从不同的方面 角度详尽地论述汉语和英语之间存在的正迁移和负 迁移 在讨论的过程中 介绍了迁移理论 迁移理论的历史研究状况 指出影 响迁移的三个方面的因素 语言 学习环境和学习者 同时 还讨论了对待迁 移的策略 研究发现 在二语习得过程中 对二语之间的差异有个很好的了解 充分利用积极因素 避免其不利因素是最为关键的 本研究以现有的研究成果 为基础 由于是初步研究 对于其中存在的诸多不足 作者将在以后的研究中 作进一步探讨 关键词关键词 汉语 英语学习 正迁移 负迁移 湖北科技学院国培计划结业设计 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 Chapter One Introduction The effects that native language has on second language learning are one of the important problems that physiology and second language acquisition research discuss about To those foreign language learners who have a command of the basic phonetic vocabulary semantic and grammar structure of a language their learning of foreign language learning of phonetic vocabulary and grammar structure must be influenced by the phonetic vocabulary semantic and the knowledge of grammar of their native language Otherwise different nations have different language communication styles and speech patterns In this aspect the way a native language is used must influence the communication mode and speech pattern of the foreign language when learning a foreign language This effect is called the phenomena of transfer in foreign language learning Generally speaking transfer can be classified into two types positive transfer and negative transfer Transfer will be positive when learners native language and second foreign language habits are the same When the two languages are different in structure negative transfer occurs Thus differences between the native language and second foreign language create learning difficulty which results in error while the similarities between the two languages facilitate the foreign language learning making it more rapid and easier To the aspect of second language acquisition mother tongue has close relation with target language With the opening and reforming English has been an important course in schools More and more people realize the importance of English and become English learners to meet the challenges In China English is taught in most primary schools in the cities from Grade Three and in all the middle schools in the whole country In a long term English will be a major course from primary school to university learning Even though one has graduated from university he has to get in touch with English frequently In China CET 4 and CET 6 are set in most colleges and basically everyone has to pass the CET 4 and everyone is trying his best to pass them To some learners English is a new thing and due to curiosity they may have enough warmness and confidence at the beginning of English learning Later when they meet various difficulties and blocks they lost their confidence gradually even at last most of them have to give it up To some students and some adults their purpose to learn English is only to meet the demands of exams According to some surveys we are seriously affected by the native language Chinese in the process of English learning A lot of people cannot break away from the control of the native language because the two languages are quite different in some aspects This is negative transfer of Chinese On the other side the similarities between Chinese and English contribute to the English learning but they haven t realized Because most of time the negative effects of Chinese overweight the positive effects on English learning Now the transfer issue is widely used in the process of language learning As Chinese English learners the basic understanding of transfer and transfer theory will help to know how Chinese affect English learning The following several parts mainly deal with the 湖北科技学院国培计划结业设计 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 problems that many Chinese English learners pay great attention to Chapter Two Literature Review In this part the paper deals with several issues The concept of transfer which includes positive transfer and negative transfer the history of study on transfer and factors affecting transfer aiming at making readers have a basic understanding of transfer 2 1 The concept of transfer Though Language transfer in foreign language learning has been universally accepted they are firstly associated with the interference in behavior theories of foreign language learning However it is now widely accepted that the influence of the leaner s native language cannot be adequately accounted for items of habit formation as the behaviorist put it Transfer has been used by educational psychologists and educators to describe the use of past knowledge and experience in new situations In foreign language learning transfer refers to the effect to one language usually the native language on the learning of another usually the foreign language This is also a common strategy employed by the foreign language learners A good many linguists have various definitions for the term Kellerman suggested in his work Aspects of Transferability in Second Language Acquisition in 1987 that the term be restricted to those processes that lead to the incineration of elements from one language into another Odlin offers this definition of transfer in his book Language Transfer in 1989 Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and the differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously and perhaps imperfectly acquired This definition thus suggests that transfer can occur at any levels strategic linguistic discourse and pragmatic Inter language such as a semantic formulate strategy or linguistic form occurs in the native language target language and inter language data Transfer can be classified into positive transfer and negative transfer as follows 2 1 1 Positive transfer When the relevant unit or structure of both languages is the same linguistic interference can result in correct language production called positive transfer correct means in line with most native speakers notions of acceptability An example is the use of cognates However that language interference is most often discussed as a source of errors known as negative transfer The results of positive transfer go largely unnoticed and thus are less often discussed Nonetheless such results can have a large effect Generally speaking the more similar the two languages are the more the learner is aware of the relation between them the more positive transfer will occur For example an Anglophone learner of German may correctly guess an item of German vocabulary from its English counterpart but word order and collocation are more likely to differ as will connotations Such an approach has the disadvantage of making the learner more subject to the influence of false friends 2 1 2 Negative transfer Negative transfer also called interference means that the learning experience of one 湖北科技学院国培计划结业设计 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 language prevents the acquisition of a second language It occurs when speakers and writers transfer items and structures that are not the same in both languages Within the theory of contrastive analysis the greater the differences between the two languages the more negative transfer can be expected It was examined by researchers in the 60s Postman and Stark 1969 and they found differential learning between trials Specifically differences in the learning rates provided clear evidence of the negative transfer phenomenon 2 2 The history of study on language transfer Transfer and transfer theory can be traced back to as early as 200 years ago Zhou 1997 Yet learning transfer theory concerning foreign language learning came into being just in the 1950s It refers to the phenomenon that learners try to employ sentence intonation lexical meaning grammatical structure and cultural habit of the mother tongue when they communicate in the target language Actually this Phenomenon is very common in foreign language learning Language transfer phenomena have exerted considerable attention on foreign language learning People in the past conducted detailed investigation and research on transfer phenomena in learning a foreign language In the previous research the climax is in the 1960 s Founders of the theory are Skinner and Lado believed that it is important to contrast between native and second language and find out similarities and differences As similarities can promote positive transfer from first language to second language and differences may cause negative transfer But Chomsky and Selinker opposed Researchers propose some evidences from experiments to prove the influences of first language acquisition on second language acquisition There are numerous theories for native language research including comparative analysis theory creative constructional theory universal generative grammar theory etc 2 3 Factors affecting transfer Factors affecting transfer in foreign language learning are various Generally they can be classified into three categories 1 the language 2 the learning environment 3 the learner Burstall 1987 Among the three the learner is the most active which plays a primary role in the leaning process The other two are secondary That s because in the first place they themselves don t change much in a learning process And secondly they affect foreign language learning through the medium of the learner In other words the inner conditions of the learner may modify their eventual functions and the language and learning environment are secondary which tells why learners who have varied achievements in the same environment when learning the same subject Therefore the learner should be the central point in foreign language learning Briefly the three aspects can be classified into the six factors kinship between native language and foreign language learning stages learning environment teaching methods linguistic knowledge and experience learners cognitive ability 湖北科技学院国培计划结业设计 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 Chapter Three The Effects of Chinese on English Language Learning In the process of second language acquisition the phonetic vocabulary meaning grammar and culture of the native language must have influence on second foreign language learning As to the similarities and differences between native language and second language they will result in transfer which has positive influence and negative influence on second foreign language acquisition This part mainly discusses the positive influence and negative influence of Chinese on English language learning 3 1 Positive transfer Sometimes if we compare the differences between Chinese and English it can deepen our understanding of English which can also contributes to English language learning Just as Rod pointed out in his book Intercultural Linguistic When students come into contact with a foreign language they will find that some characteristics of this language are very easy and some are very difficult Among these characteristics those which are similar with their mother tongue are easy for them and those which are different from their mother tongue are difficult for them If teachers can compare the foreign language with student s mother tongue and find out the differences between them they will be better known what the real difficulties of learning a foreign are and they can get prepared for the teaching of these difficulties which can improve the qualities of foreign language teaching So we can know that comparing and analyzing the differences between Chinese and English are good for the learning and command of English Generally speaking the target characteristics of a language show the positive transfer of the native language The fact that English and Chinese belong to one form of language means that they have something in common Under the help of target language characteristics the use of Chinese is good for the learning of English Rod also said that native language was a kind of knowledge resources As learners they will consciously or unconsciously use this resource to help them check the inputting second language or foreign language data helping themselves use their goal language Based on these views the common characteristics and different characteristics between Chinese and English can result to positive transfer in the process of English learning In this part I will discuss the positive transfer from the following aspects 3 1 1 The word order of declarative sentence As English and Chinese all follow the structure of Subject Verb and Object so the three elements subject predicate and object almost have the same arrange order both in an English sentence and in a Chinese sentence Such as We bought five bags 我们买了五个包 Thus in the process of translation for some long sentences no matter it is to translate Chinese to English or translate English to Chinese learners can find out the trunk of the sentence subject verb and object first and then find out other elements such as attribute and so on Then the translation will be easier 3 1 2 The pronunciation of loanword and onomatopoeia Because of communication of Chinese culture and western culture now more and more 湖北科技学院国培计划结业设计 汉语的正迁移与负迁移对英语学习的影响 loanwords appear in English Among these words most of them are words created based on pronunciation whose pronunciation is similar with the pronunciation of the Chinese words which have the same meaning with the loanwords Such as sofa 沙发 beer 啤酒 coffee 咖啡 etc Onomatopoeia are words which are created according their pronunciation mostly they imitate the sound created by human animals plants and machines and so on Such as hey 嘿 hiss 嘶嘶声 buzz 嗡嗡声 tick 嘀嗒 So when remembering and understanding these words if we base on their Chinese meaning it will be no longer difficult for us 3 1 3 The expression of words In English and Chinese the real meaning and derivative meaning of some words are the same so the way they are expressed generally has no differences Such as the word blood its original meaning is 血液 so we can express like this cold blooded 冷血 的 warn blooded 热血的 fuse new blood 输入新鲜血液 即补充新生力量 Similarly heart means the organ of one s body 心 心脏 so we can also expresses like this break one s heart 伤某人的心 lose heart 灰心 with all one s heart 全心全意 from the bottom of one s heart 从心底起 3 2 Negative transfer As is known Chinese belongs to Sino Tibetan system and English belongs to the branch of Indo European family so the differences between these two languages are in the use of language vocabulary grammar thinking mood and culture and so on Since most Chinese students English learning are on the base of understanding some native language as a result Chinese as a native language the negative transfer it result in overweight the positive transfer it result in the English learning practice baffling English learning This part will mainly discuss the negative influence of Chinese proficiency on English language learning from the following aspects 3 2 1 Phonetics In phonetic Chinese phonetic structure has negative effect on English learning There is diversity bet