绪论躯干骨

Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,1,Good Afternoon! Everybody!,Hello! Welcome to study the Systematic Human Anatomy.My name: Ding Shihai(丁士海),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,2,Introducing Myself,Graduated: (1954) Shandong University & Peking Medical CollegeSpeciality: Human AnatomyProfession: ProfessorAge: 73 years,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,3,1. Textbooks (教科书) 1) 柏树令,应大君:系统解剖学,第5版,人民卫生出版社,2001 2) Shihai Ding: Synopsis of Systematic Human Anatomy (人体系统解剖学纲要), Revised ed. Medical College, Qingdao University, 2003,Points for Attention,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,4,2. Reference Books (参考书)1)于频: 彩色人体解剖图谱, 人民卫生出版社, 1998 2)于频 王序:新编人体解剖图谱, 辽宁出版社, 1999 3)丁士海 韩棣:人体解剖学,第2版, 上海科技出版社,2000 4)杨琳 高英茂: 格氏解剖学, 第38版, 辽宁教育出版社, 沈阳, 1999,Points for Attention,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,5,3. About Teaching (关于教学) 1) Total class hours (总学时): 108 hrs, 6hrs/week 2) Teaching progress (教学进度): by the Teaching Progress Form 3) Teaching method (教学方法): a. Lecture (讲课): 2/3, using English and Chinese by Power Point. b. Practice (实习): 1/3, in Lab.Room No2.,Points for Attention,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,6,4. About Some Rules (有关规则) 1) Starting the lesson: Monitor should say “Stand up! Good morning!” (班长喊起立). 2) Everyone should take the white overcoat in the lab (穿白大衣).,Points for Attention,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,7,Points for Attention,3) Every group should be turned on duty to clean the room, blackboard and all the specimens and models should be put in order after the closing of the lesson (小组值日).,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,8,4) All the specimens and models do not permit to take out of the lab (标本模型不准带出室外).5. About Studying (有关学习) 1) Prepare the textbook before teaching (预习).,Points for Attention,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,9,2) Review the textbook and notebook after teaching (复习). 3) Watching the specimens as much as possible (多看标本). 4) If you have any question, please ask teacher as soon as possible (及时提问).,Points for Attention,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,10,SYSTEMATIC HUMAN ANATOMYFor Class No 5, Grade 2003Department of Human AnatomyMedical CollegeQingdao University,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,11,INTRODUCTION,A. Definition and Purpose(定义和目的) Human Anatomy (人体解剖学) is the basic science dealing with the gross morphology, structure and function of the normal human body.Human Anatomy is the basic course (基础课) of preclinical and clinical curriculum, so it is important to lay a foundation for being a doctor.,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,12,B. Classifications (分科) 1. Systematic Anatomy (系统解剖学) - composed by systems. e.g. skeletal system, digestive system, nervous system etc. 2. Regional (Topographic) Anatomy (局部解剖学) - composed by regions. e.g. head, neck, upper limb, abdomen etc.,INTRODUCTION,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,13,C. The General Structure of the Human Body (人体基本结构)1. Cells (细胞) - the cell is the unit of the structure of the body. 2. Tissues (组织) - groups of cells make differentiated to form the tissues of body.3. Organs (器官) - various tissues composed an organ. e.g. stomach, liver, etc. 4. Systems (系统) - a series of organs make up a system to serve as an unified function. e.g. bony system, muscular system, urinary system etc.,INTRODUCTION,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,14,D. Terms of Direction (方位术语) 1.Anatomical position (解剖学姿势): All descriptions of location or position assume the body to be in standing erect, facing forward with arms at the sides as well as the palms and the toes anterior.,INTRODUCTION,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,15,2. Directions: 1) Superior (上) and Inferior (下) Superior means above. Inferior means below. On limbs - proximal (近侧) and distal (远侧) On trunk - cranial (头侧) and caudal (尾侧),INTRODUCTION,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,16,2) Anterior and Posterior (前和后) - Anterior toward the front. Posterior refers to the back. Sometimes instead of ventral (腹侧) and dorsal (背侧) 3) Medial and Lateral (内侧和外侧) - Medial means nearest median plane of the body. Lateral towards the side.,INTRODUCTION,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,17,4) Superficial and Deep (浅和深) - superficial - nearer to the surface of the body. deep - farther from the surface of the body. 5) Internal and External (内和外) - internal - nearer to a cavity. external - farther from a cavity.,INTRODUCTION,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,18,E. Terms of Axes (轴术语)1. Sagittal Axis (矢状轴) - An axis is defined by anterior and posterior directions. 2. Coronal (Frontal) Axis (冠状轴) - An axis is defined by right and left directions.3. Vertical Axis (垂直轴) - An axis is vertical to the horizontal level.,INTRODUCTION,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,19,E. Terms of Plane (切面术语)1. Sagittal Plane (矢状面) - A plane dividing the body into right and left portions. 2. Coronal (Frontal) Plane (冠状面) - A plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior.3. Horizontal (Transverse) Plane (水平面) - A plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.,INTRODUCTION,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,20,PART I THE LOCOMOTIVE SYSTEM,1. Bones (骨) (Osteology 骨学)2. Joints (关节) (Arthrology 关节学)3. Muscles (骨骼肌) (Myology 肌学),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,21,Chapter 1,BONY SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY) 骨骼系统 (骨学),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,22,Section 1 Introduction,A. Classification of Bones (分类) (According to shape) 1. Long Bones (长骨) - shaft (body) and two extremities (ends). long, levers, in limbs. 2. Short Bones (短骨) - short, support, in wrist & foot.,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,23,Introduction,3. Flat Bones (扁骨) - flat, protect, around cavities.4. Irregular Bones (不规则骨) - varied, in spinal column & face.5. Sesamoid Bones (籽骨) - like soybean, derive from tendon.,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,24,Introduction,B. Structure of Bones 1. Bone Substance (骨质) 1) compact (dense) bone (骨密质) 2) cancellous (spongy) bone (骨松质): trabeculae (骨小梁) osteoporosis 骨质疏松症,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,25,Introduction,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,26,Introduction,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,27,2. Periosteum (骨膜) - envelops all the outer parts of the bone except the cartilage. 1) fibrous membrane (纤维层) 2) vascular membrane (血管层): osteoblast (成骨细胞)- bone forming,Introduction,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,28,3. Bone Marrow (骨髓) - 1) red bone marrow (红骨髓): blood-forming, developing blood cells (RBC, WBC) of varied periods. aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血 bone marrow puncture 骨髓穿刺 2) yellow bone marrow (黄骨髓): fat tissue.,Introduction,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,29,Introduction,C. Chemical Composition and Physical Properties 1. Organic material (有机物) 30-40% collagen (骨胶原), ossein (骨蛋白) resilience and toughness 2. Inorganic material (无机物) 60-70% Ca3(PO4)2, CaCO3, Mg3(PO4)2 hardness and rigidity,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,30,Introduction,D. Development of Bones 1. Membranous ossification (膜化骨) clavicle, most cranial bones. 2. Endochondral ossification (软骨化骨) the other bones primary center (初级骨化中心) secondary center (次级骨化中心),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,31,E. Functions of Bones (功能)1. Supporting (支持) framework of the body. 2. Levers (杠杆) for muscles. 3. Protection (保护) of viscera. 4. Formation (造血) of blood cells.5. Storehouse (储Ca,P) of Ca and P.,Introduction,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,32,F. Divisions of the Skeleton 1. Axial skeleton (中轴骨) 1) bones of the trunk (躯干骨). 2) skull (颅骨). 2. Appendicular skeleton (附肢骨) 1) bones of the upper limb (上肢骨). 2) bones of the lower limb (下肢骨).,Introduction,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,33,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,34,Section 2 Bones of the Trunk,1. The Vertebrae (椎骨) 2. The Sacrum (骶骨) 3. The Coccyx (尾骨) 4. The Sternum (胸骨) 5. The Ribs (肋骨),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,35,A. The Vertebrae (椎骨),1. General Characteristics of a Vertebra,1) body (centrum) (椎体) 2) arch (椎弓) - a. pedicles (根) superior & inferior notches(切迹) b. laminae (板) 3) vertebral foramen (椎孔),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,36,A. The Vertebrae (椎骨),processes (突起) i. Spinous process (棘突) ii. Transverse process (横突)iii. Superior articular process (上关节突)iv. Inferior articular proc. (下关节突),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,37,2. The Main Characteristics of Vertebrae in each Region.,1) Atlas (寰椎) (C1) a. anterior arch (前弓) b. posterior arch (后弓) c. lateral masses (侧块).,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,38,2) Axis (枢椎) (C2) odontoid process (齿突),2. The Main Characteristics of Vertebrae in each Region.,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,39,3. Comparison of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.,Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Body (Shape) elliptic heart-shape bean shaped (Size) small medium large (Structure) uncus process costal facets noVertebral Foramen (Shape) triangular round triangular (Size) large small medium,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,40, 3. Comparison of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.,Cervical Thoracic Lumbar,Spinous Process (Direction) posterior inferoposterior posterior (Shape) bifid slender flattened (Size) small long large Transverse Process (Direction) anterolateral posterolateral lateral (Shape) widened club-shaped slender (Structure) transverse costal facet accessoryArticular Surface foramen process. (Position) horizontal coronary sagittal,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,41,Cervical vertebrae (颈椎),C3,C7,C5,C7,C2,C4,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,42,Thoracic Vertebrae (胸椎),T6,T7,T9,T6,T12,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,43,Lumbar Vertebrae (腰椎),L2,L3,L4,L5,L1,Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,44,The Sacrum (骶骨) S1 - S5 sacral vertebrae fused at 20 years.1. Base (底) - promontory (岬), ala (翼), superior articular process (上关节突).2. Apex of Sacrum (骶骨尖),B. The Sacrum (骶骨) & Coccyx (尾骨),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,45,3. Pelvic (Anterior) Surface (盆面) transverse lines (ridges) (横线) anterior sacral foramen (骶前孔),B. The Sacrum (骶骨) & Coccyx (尾骨),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,46,4. Dorsal (Posterior) Surface (背面) - median sacral crest (骶正中嵴) posterior sacral foramen (骶后孔) sacral horn (骶角)acupuncture therapy at eight holes 八蓼穴针刺疗法,B. The Sacrum (骶骨) & Coccyx (尾骨),Systematic Anatomy,Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University,47,5. Lateral Part (侧部) - auricular surface (耳状面) sacral tuberosity (骶粗隆).6. Sacral Canal (骶管) - sacral hiatus (骶管裂孔). sacral anesthesia 骶管麻醉sacraliz