Main points for overview for linguistics.doc

Assessment 1. Regular attendance (20%).2. One short mid-term presentation (20%)3. Performance in the final exam (60%).Main points for review:I. Terms:A: translations from English to Chinese Fricative 摩擦音approximant 近音bilabial双唇音labiodental唇齿音glottal 喉音free morpheme自由语素suprasegmental超音段morpheme语素inflection曲折（变化）derivation派生sememe义素nasal cavity鼻音larynx 喉vocal folds 声带voiced浊音voiceless轻音parole言语active zones活跃区co-hyponym共同下义词meronymy部分整体关系acoustic phonetics声学语音学articulatory phonetics发音语音学the International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标alveolar齿龈音epenthesis增音perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音complementary distribution互补分布iconicity象丝性convention常规B. translations from Chinese to English 音位phoneme音位变体allophone横组合关系syntagmatic relations直接成分 inmediate constituent离心结构.exocentric construction并列结构coordinate structure一致关系agreement衔接连贯coherence主位意义thematic meaning递归性recursiveness上下义关系 hyponymy语义成分分析componental analysis命题proposition言外之意implicature同化现象assimilation娱乐功能recreation function元语言metalanguage组构原则激活区active zone互补反义关系complementary antonymy声门音glottal爆破音plosion逆化性协同发音anticipatory coarticulation送气aspirated鼻音化nasalize命题逻辑propositional logic谓词逻辑 precicate logicCBriefly define the following termsLinguistics P14Pragmatics(语用学) P18Competence and performance P22Emotive function P12Synchronic and diachronic study(共识语言学) P21Descriptive and prescriptive P20Performatives P11propositional logic(命题逻辑) P108syllogism（三段论法）P110?allophone P40Allomorph 55IC analysis P77Component analysis 103Sense 96The Semantic triangle95Speech actm 见截图ImplicatureDualityArbitrarinessDisplacementConventionIconicityThe bow-wow theory the divine gift theoryThe pooh-pooh theoryThe yo-he-ho theory PsycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsAnthropological linguistics Computational linguisticsLangue and ParoleVowelConsonantEpenthesisperseverative coarticulation“Minimal pairs” testFree variationAssimilationPhonological RulesContextual meaningSpeaker meaningCooperative principleMetalingual functionII. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement( ) 1. Learning/teaching a language is also learning /teaching a culture.( ) 2. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.( ) 3. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.( ) 4.Inflections show the lexical meaning of the words.( ) 6. Conceptual meaning is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.( ) 7. The meaning of a sentence is simply the sum total of the meanings of its components words.( ) 8. According to Chomsky, we can observe the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users.( ) 9. An utterance is an abstract unit of the language system.( ) 10. Language is the carrier and container of cultural information, and thus culture is part of language.( ) 11. The langue-parole distinction was proposed by Chomsky, an American linguists.( ) 12. A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic performance.( ) 13. UG grammar was proposed by Halliday, a famous linguist in Australia.( ) 14. Alive and dead are converse antonymy( ) 15. Speech acts are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication.( ) 16. Function words are used to refer to substance, action and quality.( ) 17. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.( ) 18. All sentences can be used to do things, according to Austin. ( ) 19. The metalingual function of language means that the human language can be used to talk about itself( ) 20. “The old man sat in the chair” is an endocentric construction.( ) 21. Conceptual meaning refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content.( ) 22. Syllogism is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two premises.( ) 23. Violet and flower are in a hyponymy relation. ( ) 24. Pragmatic meaning is the more constant, inherent side of meaning.( ) 25. If p is true and q is false, then p&q is true.( ) 26. If both p and q are false, then p q is true.( ) 27. The principle of compositionality shows that sentence meaning is determined by the meaning of component words and the syntactic rules.( ) 28. Illocutionary force is speakers meaning ( ) 29. The langue-parole distinction was proposed by Jakobsom, the founding father of modern linguist.( ) 30. Culture is part of language because language is the carrier of cultural information.( ) 31. Language is both conventional and arbitrary.( ) 34. A stem is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added.( ) 35. “Much better” is an exocentric construction( ) 36. Inflectional affixes are generally less productive and derivational affixes( ) 37. The meaning of a sentence is simply the sum total of the meanings of its components words.( ) 38. Word is a minimum free form according to Chomsky.( ) 39. A sentence is an abstract unit of the language system.( ) 40. /v/ f is a phonological process in which the voiced sound /v/ is made voiceless when it appears before a voiceless sound.( ) 41. plei for play is a narrow transcription .( ) 42. i: is a high front lax unrounded vowel.( ) 43. A vowel can be described by the place of articluation.( ) 44. Presupposition can pass the negation test while entailment cannot.( ) 46. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.( ) 47.Auditory phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.( ) 48. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds. ( ) 49. Content words are used to refer to substance, action and quality.( ) 50. “the man and the boy” is an endocentric construction.( ) 51. A clause is a construction with its own subject and predicate.( ) 52. Predicate logic studies how the truth value of a single proposition is determined( ) 53. “for a man to be free” is a finite clause.( ) 54. The case category is a property of verbs.( ) 55. Cohesion is a concept to do with text rather than sentence.( ) 56. “We live near the sea. So we enjoy a healthy climate.” The two sentences are in a paratactic relation.( ) 57. According to the expressive function that a sentence have, sentences can be divided into indicate and imperative sentences.( ) 58.The theme of a sentence is the point of departure of the sentence. ( ) 59. A goal of discourse is the rheme which gives the new information.( ) 60. Speech and writing are two media for language.( ) 61. Writing is prior to speech, and so writing is more basic than speech.( ) 62. Phonetics is the study of sound patterns( ) 63. i: is a lax vowel, while i is a tense vowel.( ) 64. u is high back tense rounded vowel.( ) 65. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.( ) 66. The underlying logic of “All teachers are female.” is “For all xs, if x is a teacher, x is female.”III. Fill in each blank with a proper word/phrase1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal _ used for human communication 2. The feature that implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form is called_.3. They are the _ properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.4. Morris distinguishes three branches of inquiry, one of which is _, the study of “the relations of signs to interpreters”.5. _are utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all.6. Morphologically, the languages in the world can be classified into _, _, _.7. The two types of word formation are compound and _.8. Syllogism is a kind of _ argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two premises.9. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_10. Recursiveness is used in linguistics for the formal properties of grammars which use a finite set of elements and a finite group of rules to produce an infinite number of sentences. Its basic features are _, conjoining and embedding11. The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with _ instead of prescription.12. A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic _.13. A _ study takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.14. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community15. self-control is an _compound.16. Throughout is an _compound.17., Non-conventionality of implicature shows that implicature is different from its _meaning of words. It is context-dependent.18. Smog is a _derivation.19. According to Morris, _is the study of “the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable”20. We view a scene in terms of our situatedness, thus presenting a particular _.21. As for “Beseech: besought beseeched”, beseeched is _creation. 22. The internal structure of the word Businessman is not exocentric but_,.23. The study of the internal structures of simple propositions is _logic.24. The internal structure of a simple proposition is _and predicate.25. _ subject is the one that occupies the grammatical space before a verb.26. Austin later thinks that any utterance can simultaneously perform the following three acts: locutionary act, _act, perlocutionary act.27. If a word is derived from nonscientific speculation or false analogy with another word, often based on their syllabic structure, it has a _etymology.28. _phonetics studies speech production by the speech organs.29. _ subject is the what the sentence is about.30._ linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.31. _ function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation.32. A conversational implicature can be cancelled simply by the situational _. 33. The four scientific features of linguistic study are _, _, _, _34. Formal linguistics usually includes _, _, _ 35. Language philosophy explores the relationship between _ and _.36. The three-step process of a speech sound consists of _, _, _.37. The only one human organ that is specifically for verbal articulation is _38. English consonants can be classified in terms of _ and manner of articulation.39. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called _ transcription.40. By origin, words can be divided into _words and _words.41. Land-reform is a _loan.42. _is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added.43. Syntax is the study of how _ are structured.44. The major theories of syntax are _, _, _, _.45. Functional grammar is pioneered by _; it explores the relation between linguistic forms and their functions.46. Generative grammar is pioneered by _. It regards grammar as a set of rules that recursively generate the well-formed expressions of a natural language.47. The three syntactic relations are _, _, _.48. The external property of “Tom runs every morning.” is _type.49. If two constituents, B and C, are joined to form a hierarchically higher constituent A, then B and C are said to be _ of A.50. Semantics studies the meaning of words, sentences and _.51. _ meaning is what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.52. The idea that the meaning of a word is the thing it refers to is called the _theory.53. The mode of presentation, for Frege, is the _of a word.54. For Fege, every word has a _ but not every word has a _, like but, to.55. The difference between “my sisters husband” and “my brother-in-law” lies in _.56. Leech treats meaning with reference to its function in context, to show how linguistic, _ and _ contexts affects the meaning of language.57. Conceptual meaning refers to logical, _ or denotative content.58. The communicative value/subjective interpretation attached to its purely conceptual meaning is called _meaning.59. Affective meaning has to do with the personal _ of the speaker, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about.60. What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of order, focus, and emphasis is called _meaning.61. Converse/relational antonyms has the relation of _62. Arm and body has a relation of _.63. A sentence meaning is determined by _ and _.64. A very important property of the _ is that it has a truth value: true or false.65. The composite proposition “pq ” is _when p and q have the same truth value.66. The meaning of the sentence that depends on who the speaker is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used is called _meaning.67. Pragmatic meaning is more indeterminate, more closely related to _ than semantic meaning.68. According to logical semantics, “cause” can be represented as _.69. Translate the following logic form into English, where a=Anne, b=Bill, c=Carol, L=like: L (a,b) & L (a, c):_. 70. Translate the following logic form into English, where x and y are variables, c=Carol, L=like:x(L(x,c):_.IV. Answer the following questions1. What is the relation between cohesion and coherence? Illustrate your idea with examples.3. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ? 4. Briefly discuss Jakobsons view about six communication elements and the corresponding six functions 5. What are the four ways to analyze a sentence? Please explain them in detail with the following sentence The policeman killed the man by a gun.7. What is Grices CP? How does it relate to the generation of conversational implicature? Use Grices theory to explain how the following conversation makes any sense. Husband: I will cook the supper today.Wife: Oh. The sun will rise in the west.8. What are the three speech acts performed simultaneously by an utterance according to Austins speech act theory? Use Austins theory to explain the fo