定语从句（讲义）

2011-2012年度高三英语复习定语从句专题（讲义）一、定语从句概述1. 定语从句的定义复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句；被修饰的名词或代词，叫做先行词；从句放在所修饰词（即先行词）之后由关系副词或关系代词引导。如：Those who are willing to attend the party, please sign here.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 2. 定语从句的引导词引导定语从句的关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose，as；关系副词：where，when，why.3定语从句的分类 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。试比较：His brother who lives in New York is an actor. His brother, who lives in New York, is an actor. 限制性定语从句和主句关系十分密切，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。翻译成汉语时，译到先行词的前面，意为“的”。非限制性定语从句和主句关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。翻译成汉语时，译成一个独立的句子，放在主句译文之后。这种从句往往用逗号分开，不用that引导。如：China, which has a long history and bright brilliant culture, is a beautiful country. 中国是一个美丽的国家，它有着悠久的历史、灿烂的文化。二、定语从句引导词的用法及分类1、关系词的作用连接作用：引导定语从句，把从句和主句连接起来；替代作用：在从句中替代先行词表示的意思； 成分作用：在从句中充当一定的句子成分。从句关系代词格2、关系代词的用法分类： 限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句在从句中的句法功能指人指物既指人又指物主格whowhichthat主语宾格who(m)whichthat宾语所有格whosewhosewhose定语【提示】关系代词在从句中做宾语，且前面无介词时，可以省略。如： I still remember the story that/which my grandpa often told me.I still remember the story my grandpa often told me. The house which/that she used to live in was very beautiful.The house she used to live in was very beautiful.The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.但不可说成：The house in she used to live was very beautiful. 3.关系副词的用法分类：先行词的类别关系副词介词+关系代词在从句中的成分时间when= in / at / on / during which状语地点where= in / at / which原因why= for which【提示】where的先行词除表示明显的“地点”的名词外，还有一些表示人/物的境况、某事发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面。常见的名词有stage, situation, point, case, position等。如：This is the town where I was born.There is one point where Id like your advice.We have reached a situation where a change is needed.We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money. 关系副词相当于介词加关系代词（如上表所示），但有时为了表示清楚，如：This is the school where I used to study.=This is the school in which I used to study.三、定语从句引导词的选择原则：选关系代词时，要看先行词是表示人的还是表示物的名词或代词。指人用who, whom, that, whose; 指物时用which, that，whose.如： In the beginning, people who/that bought them became angry. Thats the girl whom/who/that the soldier saved from the river. They needed a plant which/that didnt need as much water as rice. This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. This is the house whose window broke last night.【注意】whose既可指“人的”（例）又可指“物的”（例）。指“物的”时，不可误用which，但可用 “the +n.+ of which”.如例也可说成：This is the house, the window of which broke last night.或This is the house, of which the window broke last night.关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，要看介词是否提前置于从句之首，若如此，就只能用whom（指人）或which（指物），且不能省略。如： The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.The house (that/ which) she used to live in was very beautiful. I know the man to whom you spoke just now.I know the man (who/whom/that) you spoke to just now.选用关系词时，要看它在从句中什么成份，作主语、宾语或表语，就用关系代词who, which, that或as；作定语就用whose;作状语，就用关系副词when, where或 why。如： This is Tom, whose handwriting is the best in our class. I have been to the place （which/that） you visited last year. I have been to the place where you worked last year. The story happened on a day when the weather was wet and cold. The story happened on a day which/that was wet and cold. The reason why he dropped out was that his family was short of money. The reason (that/which) you explained to me makes no sense.【注意】要把握好句子结构，正确分析句子成份，不要一见到时间的名词就用when，见到地点名词就用where，见到reason就用why.确定了要用关系代词时，还要看是否属特殊情况。A. 选择定语从句引导词的特殊情况1在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which：先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰或被the only, the very, the last, 等修饰时。This is the very book that Im looking for.先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。All that glitters is not gold.先行词中既有人又有物时。He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.当主句中含有疑问词which时。Which are the books that you bought for me ?2、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用which而不用that:引导非限制性定语从句China, which has a long history and a brilliant culture, has changed greatly in recent years.关系代词直接放在介词后做宾语时The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.当先行词本身是that时I have that which you gave me.我有你给我的那一个。3、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词。当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。There were two people who were killed in the accident.先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one、he等词时，关系词用who。One who doesnt reach the Great Wall isnt a man.当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?whom在从句中只作宾语，口头上或非正式文体中可被who取代，但置于介词之后或在非限制性定语从句中不能用它代替。如：The gentleman whom/who you told me about yesterday proved to be a thief.The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.The gentleman, whom you told me about yesterday, proved to be a thief. 4先行词为way（方式、方法）时，定语从句关系词的选择。 whichI dont understand the way is introduced in the essay.(作主语) that whichThe way that he explained to us was quite simple. (作宾语) 不填 in whichThe way that he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. (作状语)不填B. 关系代词as和which的异同1相同之处：都可引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句所表达的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，可以换用。如：He isnt a native, as/which I know from his accent.2、不同之处：as一般不引导限制性定语从句，只有当先行词被such、so和the same(同样的)修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句才用关系代词as 引导，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。这时不能用which代替。These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.These houses are sold at so low a price as people expected.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.as引导非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以在主句之前亦可以在主句之后，而which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。如：As is known to everyone, the earth moves round the sun.=The earth moves round the sun, as is known to everyone.C. 定语从句的主谓一致当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语的人称和数由先行词决定，当先行词为主句时，从句谓语用第三人称单数。如：I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.The reporter who is talking to the shop assistant is humorous.This is one of the best novels that were published last year.This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.D. 和其他从句的区别1.和地点状语从句的区别：看有无表示地点的名词作先行词。如： You should leave the toy where you can find.( 地点状语从句) I still remember the bus stop where /at which I met you for the first time.（定语从句）2.和结果状语从句的区别：看引导词是否在从句中充当成分。如：It is such an interesting film that we all want to see it.子（状语从句）He is such a good teacher as we all respect. (定语从句)3.和同位语从句的区别：当引导词是that时，在同位语中，它只起连接作用，没有任何意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，但不可省，同位语从句说明的是先行名词的具体内容；而在定语从句中，它连接主从句，代替先行词在从句中充当主语或宾语，作宾语时还可以省略，定语从句是限定或修饰先行词的。如：The news that he had been back surprised us all.( 同位语从句)The news that he told me was true. ( 定语从句)4.和强调句的区别：可用“试减法”，即去掉it is/was和that。若能组成一个完整的句子，说明是强调句，否则，就是定语从句。It was in the garden that he saw her for the first time.It was the garden where he saw her for the first time. 2011-2012年度高三英语复习定语从句专题（巩固练习）一、单句填空（根据句子语境填入所缺的词）Part A1. The village in _ he was born is a small one.2. The schoo _ I am working is not far from3. The boss in _ company Miss Read worked called at the hospital.4. The headmaster, with _ the parents had discussed the sons future, advised the boys to take engineering.5. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year.6. Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands.7. This is the school _ Mr. Smith once taught.8. Do you still remember the day _ we first met?9. October 1,1949 is the day _ well never forget.10. Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing?Part B1. The pencil _ he wrote was broken.2. He built a telescope _ he could study the skies.3. The woman, _ I learned the news, is a nurse.4. The wolf _ the sheep was killed was shot.5. She has three children, only two _ are at school.6. There is a tall tree outside, _ stands our teacher.7. My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.8. I was surprised at the way _ he treated the old man.9. His bike _ he went to work was stolen last night.10. The desk _ Jack is leaning is Johns.11. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds he can base his argument. 12. There are altogether fifty-four students in our class, _ the most diligent is a new comer from a faraway mountain village. 13. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.14. If the speed _ you drive your car is beyond the limit, you will be punished.15. American women usually identify their best friend as someone they can talk frequently.Part C1.The sun gives the earth light and heat, _ is very important to the living things.2. Oh the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue.3.He was often late, _ made his teacher very angry.4. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.5.Well put off the meeting till next week, _ we wont be so busy.6. The man showed us such a heavy stone no man could lift. 7. The victims of the domestic violence, were often silent in the past, now choose to call for various helps. 8. Ill never forget the days I learn hard in my senior high school, changed my whole life.9. Do you have any idea of how many gold medals China won in the 16th Asian Games, _ was hosted in Guangzhou?10. _ has been announced, our government will take more measures to make the falling economics recover as soon as possible.Part D1. Behind the man were other people to he was trying to talk, but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed. 2. The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.3. A bank is the place _they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain .4. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of_ uses it somewhat differently .5.The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.6. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.7. I walked up to the top of the hill with my feiend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake .8. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other.9. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, is a stupid thing to do in such weather.10. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _had taken more than three years.11. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _ the audience can buy ice-cream.12. Julia was good at German, French and Russian, all of _ she spoke fluently.13. Samuel survived when the car _ he was a passenger in turned off the road and hit a tree.14. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other.15. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, made all the others upset.二、语法填空Just up the road from my home is a field, _1_ stand two horses. From a distance, each horse looks like any other horse. But if you get a _2_( close) look, you will notice one of them is blind.Instead of abandoning him, his owner has made him a barn _3_ he can live safely and comfortably. And if you stand nearby and listen, you will hear the sound of a bell _4_ comes from the smaller horse. Attached to its halter is a small, copper-colored bell _5_ assists the blind friend to follow him._6_you watch them, youll find the horse with the bell always checking on the blind one, and that the blind horse will listen for the bell and then slowly walk to _ 7_ the other one is, trusting he will not _8_( lead ) astray. When the horse with the bell returns to the barn each evening, he will stop _9_( frequent ) to look back, making sure that the other isnt too far behind to hear the bell.Life does not throw us away just because we are not perfect or because we have problems or challenges. Sometimes we are the blind horse being guided by the little ringing bell of our acquaintances; at other times we are the guide horse, _10_ helps others to find their way.三、定语从句与写作应用：Part I 用定语从句翻译下列句子。1. 他就是你想见的人吗？2. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。3. 北京是我的出生地。4. 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？5. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。6. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。7. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。8. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。9. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。10. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。Part II 基础写作。请根据下面提供的内容写一篇短文，简单介绍美国著名作家马克吐温。马克吐温(18351910)生于美国中部的Missouri。他是美国19世纪著名的作家之一。他的家乡位于密西西比河畔(the Mississippi River)。成年后，他曾在密西西比河的船上当水手。他写过很多小说，其中最著名的是汤姆索耶历险记(The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)。他的作品被译成多国文字，深受全世界读者喜爱。要求：只能使用5个句子而且至少要用到2个定语从句。2011-2012年度高三英语复习定语从句专题（练习答案）一、单句填空（根据句子语境填入所缺的词）Part A1. which 2. where 3. whose 4. whom 5. that 6. who 7. where 8. when 9.that 10. whichPart B1. with which 2. through which 3. from whom 4. by which 5. of whom6. under which 7. without which 8. in which 9. on which 10. against which 11. on which 12. of whom 13. where / on which 14. at which 15. with whom Part C1. which 2. whose 3. which 4. which 5. when 6. as 7. who 8. when, which 9. which 10. As Part D1. whom 2. whose 3. where 4. which 5. whose 6. when 7. where8. that 9. which 10. of which