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第十讲 导论写作Introduction（导论）背景资料介绍范围：由大到小时间：由远及近文献回顾常用句型四种类型：资料导向引述研究领域的一般描述多作者导向引述论文作者导向引述资料导向引述有两种基本格式将参考文献的序号置于方括号（bracket）内将参考文献作者及出版年代置于园括号（parenthesis）内研究领域的一般描述三种基本句型3多作者导向引述在文献回顾开始时可讨论两个或两个以上作者的研究工作，称为多作者导向引述。句子一般采用现在完成时，将”many investigators”之类的短语作为主语而采用主动语态。多作者导向引述常用句型之一多作者动词（完成时，主动）主题文献引述Many investigatorsSeveral researchersA number of authorsFew writershave studiedhave investigatedhave examinedhave exploredhave reported onhave discussedhave consideredthe sliding mode3,4,5或将研究主题作为主语而采用被动语态多作者导向引述常用句型之二主题动词（完成时，被动）多作者文献引述the sliding modehave been studiedhave been investigatedhave been examinedhave been exploredhave been reported onhave been discussedhave been consideredby several authorsby a number of authorsby many investigatorsby few writers(Brown, 1982; Forman, 1986)及采用描述研究结果的宾语从句（objective clause）多作者导向引述常用句型之二多作者动词（完成时，主动）that研究结果文献引述Several researchershave foundhave shownhave reportedhave suggestedthatthe case of seismic forces has a leading importance(Kleeman,1988; Paul, 1993)4主要作者导向引述在资料导向引述、研究程度的一般描述或多作者导向引述后，采用主要作者导向引述将焦点转到与本文有关的参考文献，其结构往往是将文献作者的姓作为主语。主要作者导向引述常用句型之一作者及出版年代动词（过去时，主动）that研究结果Hedge (1982)shewedfoundreportednotedsuggestedobservedpointed outthatthe open office caused too many disturbances and distractions或第一句描述研究活动，第二句叙述研究结果主要作者导向引述常用句型之二作者及出版年代动词（过去时，主动）主题第二句为作者导向引述Shaw (1999)studiedexaminedinvestigatedexploredconsideredthe influence of reciprocating machines included in the systemHe found that从句中动词时态在作者导向引述的复合句中，主句通常采用一般过去时，从句时态则视句子的内容。1）以that引导的宾语从句描述的资料为一般事实，则从句采用一般现在时。宾语从句使用一般现在时作者及出版年代动词（过去时）that研究结果（现在时）Marks (1975)showedfoundreportednotedobservedsuggestedpointed outthatthe case of seismic forces has a leading importanceGorden 2若从句描述的是方法或技术，并且该方法或技术仍被使用，则从句采用一般现在时。定语从句（attributive clause）使用一般现在时作者及出版年代动词（过去时）宾语定语从句（现在时）Davis (1991)developeddescribedintroduceddesignedpresentedproposeda sliding modethat solves the problems quicklythat produces more effective resultsRubinstein 42）如所引述的研究结果只在特定的条件下成立而非一般事实，则从句采用一般过去时。宾语从句使用一般过去时作者及出版年代动词（过去时）that研究结果（过去时）Smith (1999)foundsuggestedobservedreportedindicatedthatthe predicted concentrations were in reasonable agreement with the experimental dataLudwig 23）从句中的资料表示一种建议或假设，从句采用may + 动词原形表示建议或假设的宾语从句时态作者及出版年代推测动词（过去时）thatmay + 动词原形Merten (2000)suggestedhypothesizedproposedarguedthatdamage mechanisms may occur in piping systems frequently at the level of supports介绍研究主题紧跟背景资料（步骤一）和文献回顾（步骤二）之后导论应集中到论述自己的研究上，通常为指出问题（步骤三）与阐明研究目地（步骤四）。导论的步骤三通常用一两个句子表达，用于指出其中一项（1）以前处理得不够完善或尚未研究的问题（2）过去研究所派生的新问题（3）以前提出的两个或以上互不相容的观点需展开进一步研究（4）将过去的研究扩展到新领域或新题目指出问题的基本句型之一转折副词指出问题研究主题However,few studies have been done onfew studies have reported onfew studies have been published onfew researchers have studiedno studies have investigatedlittle research has been devoted tolittle attention has been paid tolittle information has been published concerningno work has been done onlittle literature is available onlittle is known aboutthe influence of several damping models on the reduction in the vibration amplitude另一常用句型为复合句，从句叙述研究程度，主句则指出不足指出问题的基本句型之二连结词主题一的研究程度主题二的研究程度AlthoughWhilemuch research has been devoted to A,much work has been done on A,many studies have been published concerning A,many researchers have investigated A,much literature is available on A,little research has been done on Blittle attention has been paid to Blittle information is available on Blittle work has been published on Bfew researchers have studied Bfew studies have investigated B阐明研究目地（步骤四）时，可以采用两种导向方式，即论文导向和研究导向。（1）如研究的目地是分析某个问题，提出新方法或技术时，通常采用论文导向方式论文导向基本句型之一论文导向（现在时）研究目地或主题The purpose of this paper isThe aim of this report isThe objective of the present paper isto model the dynamic behavior of reduced-scale structureThe present paper reportsThis report presentsThis thesis describesThis paper discussesthe buckling mechanisms of axially loaded columns submitted to transverse seismic actionsThis paper proposesThis litter presentsa new pseudo-dynamic system论文导向基本句型之二论文导向（将来时）研究主题This paper will proposeThis thesis will presentThis paper will evaluateThis paper will discussa new method for analyzing Aseveral approach to improving Anew equation for expressing AThis paper will argueThis report will present a proofIn this paper, we will argueIn this paper, we will attempt to showthat the conventional method causes errors in special caseshow these material affect performance of the structure（2）若论文主要提出某些实验或调查结果，可采用研究导向方式研究导向常用句型研究导向（过去时）研究主题The purpose of the experiment reported here wasThe aim of this study wasThe objective of this research wasto study the influence of several damping models on t