凸轮轴支撑轴颈车床进行夹具设计【含CAD图纸、说明书文档齐全】
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凸轮轴支撑轴颈车床夹具4.1 车床夹具设计要求说明车床夹具主要用于车削凸轮轴支撑轴颈夹具。因而车床夹具的主要特点是工件加工表面的中心线与机床主轴的回转轴线同轴。（1） 安装在车床主轴上的夹具。这类夹具很多，有通用的三爪卡盘、四爪卡盘，花盘，顶尖等，还有自行设计的心轴；专用夹具通常可分为心轴式、夹头式、卡盘式、角铁式和花盘式。这类夹具的特点是加工时随机床主轴一起旋转，刀具做进给运动定心式车床夹具 在定心式车床夹具上，工件常以孔或外圆定位，夹具采用定心夹紧机构。角铁式车床夹具 在车床上加工壳体、支座、杠杆、接头等零件的回转端面时，由于零件形状较复杂，难以装夹在通用卡盘上，因而须设计专用夹具。这种夹具的夹具体呈角铁状，故称其为角铁式车床夹具。花盘式车床夹具 这类夹具的夹具体称花盘，上面开有若干个T形槽，安装定位元件、夹紧元件和分度元件等辅助元件，可加工形状复杂工件的外圆和内孔。这类夹具不对称，要注意平衡。（2） 安装在托板上的夹具。某些重型、畸形工件，常常将夹具安装在托板上。刀具则安装在车床主轴上做旋转运动，夹具做进给运动。由于后一类夹具应用很少，属于机床改装范畴。而生产中需自行设计的较多是安装在车床主轴上的专用夹具，所以零件在车床上加工用专用夹具。4.2车床夹具的设计要点（1）定位装置的设计特点和夹紧装置的设计要求当加工回转表面时，要求工件加工面的轴线与机床主轴轴线重合，夹具上定位装置的结构和布置必须保证这一点。当加工的表面与工序基准之间有尺寸联系或相互位置精度要求时，则应以夹具的回转轴线为基准来确定定位元件的位置。工件的夹紧应可靠。由于加工时工件和夹具一起随主轴高速回转，故在加工过程中工件除受切削力矩的作用外，整个夹具还要受到重力和离心力的作用，转速越高离心力越大，这些力不仅降低夹紧力，同时会使主轴振动。因此，夹紧机构必须具有足够的夹紧力，自锁性能好，以防止工件在加工过程中移动或发生事故。对于角铁式夹具，夹紧力的施力方式要注意防止引起夹具变形。（2）夹具与机床主轴的连接车床夹具与机床主轴的连接精度对夹具的加工精度有一定的影响。因此，要求夹具的回转轴线与卧式车床主轴轴线应具有尽可能小的同轴度误差。心轴类车床夹具以莫氏锥柄与机床主轴锥孔配合连接，用螺杆拉紧。有的心轴则以中心孔与车床前、后顶尖安装使用。根据径向尺寸的大小，其它专用夹具在机床主轴上的安装连接一般有两种方式：1)对于径向尺寸D140mm，或D(23)d的小型夹具，一般用锥柄安装在车床主轴的锥孔中，并用螺杆拉紧，如图1-a所示。这种连接方式定心精度较高。2)对于径向尺寸较大的夹具，一般用过渡盘与车床主轴轴颈连接。过渡盘与主轴配合处的形状取决于主轴前端的结构。图1-b所示的过渡盘，其上有一个定位圆孔按H7/h6或H7/js6与主轴轴颈相配合，并用螺纹和主轴连接。为防止停车和倒车时因惯性作用使两者松开，可用压板将过渡盘压在主轴上。专用夹具则以其定位止口按H7/h6或H7/js6装配在过渡盘的凸缘上，用螺钉紧固。这种连接方式的定心精度受配合间隙的影响。为了提高定心精度，可按找正圆校正夹具与机床主轴的同轴度。对于车床主轴前端为圆锥体并有凸缘的结构，如图1-c所示，过渡盘在其长锥面上配合定心，用活套在主轴上的螺母锁紧，由键传递扭矩。这种安装方式的定心精度较高，但端面要求紧贴，制造上较困难。图1-d所示是以主轴前端短锥面与过渡盘连接的方式。过渡盘推入主轴后，其端面与主轴端面只允许有0.050.1mm的间隙，用螺钉均匀拧紧后，即可保证端面与锥面全部接触，以使定心准确、刚度好。图1 车床夹具与机床主轴的连接过渡盘常作为车床附件备用，设计夹具时应按过渡盘凸缘确定专用夹具体的止口尺寸。过渡盘的材料通常为铸铁。各种车床主轴前端的结构尺寸，可查阅有关手册4.3 定位机构1采用两中心孔定位装夹一般以重要的外圆面作为粗基准定位，加工出中心孔，再以轴两端的中心孔为定位精基准；尽可能做到基准统一、基准重合、互为基准，并实现一次安装加工多个表面。中心孔是工件加工统一的定位基准和检验基准，它自身质量非常重要，其准备工作也相对复杂，常常以支承轴颈定位，车（钻）中心锥孔；再以中心孔定位，精车外圆；以外圆定位，粗磨锥孔；以中心孔定位，精磨外圆；最后以支承轴颈外圆定位，精磨（刮研或研磨）锥孔，使锥孔的各项精度达到要求。2用外圆表面定位装夹对于空心轴或短小轴等不可能用中心孔定位的情况，可用轴的外圆面定位、夹紧并传递扭矩。一般采用三爪卡盘、四爪卡盘等通用夹具，或各种高精度的自动定心专用夹具，如液性塑料薄壁定心夹具、膜片卡盘等。3用各种堵头或拉杆心轴定位装夹加工空心轴的外圆表面时，常用带中心孔的各种堵头或拉杆心轴来安装工件。小锥孔时常用堵头；大锥孔时常用带堵头的拉杆心轴。4.4夹紧机构选择工件的夹紧方案，夹紧方案的选择原则是夹得稳，夹得劳，夹得快。选择夹紧机构时，要合理确定夹紧力的三要素：大小、方向、作用点。夹紧装置的基本要求如下：1. 夹紧时不能破坏工件在夹具中占有的正确位置；2. 夹紧力要适当，既要保证工件在加工过程中不移动、不转动、不震动，又不因夹紧力过大而使工件表面损伤、变形。3. 夹紧机构的操作应安全、方便、迅速、省力。4. 机构应尽量简单，制造、维修要方便。分析零件加工要素的性质，确定夹紧动力源类型为手动夹紧，夹紧装置为压板，压紧力来源为螺旋力。夹具的具体结构与参数见夹具装配图和零件图。根据工件受力切削力、夹紧力的作用情况，找出在加工过程中对夹紧最不利的瞬间状态，按静力平衡原理计算出理论夹紧力。最后为保证夹紧可靠，再乘以安全系数作为实际所需夹紧力的数值。即：安全系数K可按下式计算有：式中：为各种因素的安全系数，查参考文献5表可得： 所以有： 螺旋夹紧时产生的夹紧力按以下公式计算有：式中参数由参考文献5可查得： 其中： 螺旋夹紧力：由计算可知所需实际夹紧力不是很大，为了使其夹具结构简单、操作方便，决定选用手动螺旋夹紧机构。4.5零件的车床夹具的加工误差分析工件在车床夹具上加工时，加工误差的大小受工件在夹具上的定位误差、夹具误差、夹具在主轴上的安装误差和加工方法误差的影响。如夹具图所示，在夹具上加工时，尺寸的加工误差的影响因素如下所述：（1）定位误差由于C面既是工序基准，又是定位基准，基准不重合误差为零。工件在夹具上定位时，定位基准与限位基准是重合的，基准位移误差为零。因此，尺寸的定位误差等于零。（2）夹具误差夹具误差为限位基面与轴线间的距离误差，以及限位基面相对安装基面的平行度误差是0.01.（3）安装误差因为夹具和主轴是莫氏锥度配合，夹具的安装误差几乎可以忽略不计。（4）加工方法误差如车床主轴上安装夹具基准与主轴回转轴线间的误差、主轴的径向跳动、车床溜板进给方向与主轴轴线的平行度或垂直度等。它的大小取决于机床的制造精度、夹具的悬伸长度和离心力的大小等因素。一般取因为工件的定位基准和定位元件均有制造误差，所以工件在夹具中定位后的实际位置将在一定范围内变动，即存在一定的定位误差，设计定位装置时，就要控制这一误差在加工中所允许的范围内。产生定位误差的原因有以下两个方面：1）定位基准和工序基准不重合；2）定位基准位移。定位误差就是由基准不重合误差和基准位移公差综合引起的同批工件工序尺寸的那部分公差，也就是等于两者的代数和。 （3-6）本夹具的主要定位元件为固定块，轴向定位时定位基准右夹具体的左端面与止推面的接合面即为轴颈工序基准，即不存在基准位移公差也不存在基准不重合误差，所以。当主轴颈直径存在误差时，定位基准A或B沿固定块工作面的位移为 （3-7）所以基准不重合误差为 （3-8）基准位移误差为 （3-9）则总的定位误差为 （3-10）已知本工序中，故 （3-11）4.6 确定夹具体结构尺寸和总体结构夹具体设计的基本要求（1）应有适当的精度和尺寸稳定性夹具体上的重要表面，如安装定位元件的表面、安装对刀块或导向元件的表面以及夹具体的安装基面，应有适当的尺寸精度和形状精度，它们之间应有适当的位置精度。为使夹具体的尺寸保持稳定，铸造夹具体要进行时效处理，焊接和锻造夹具体要进行退火处理。（2）应有足够的强度和刚度 为了保证在加工过程中不因夹紧力、切削力等外力的作用而产生不允许的变形和振动，夹具体应有足够的壁厚，刚性不足处可适当增设加强筋。（3）应有良好的结构工艺性和使用性夹具体一般外形尺寸较大，结构比较复杂，而且各表面间的相互位置精度要求高，因此应特别注意其结构工艺性，应做到装卸工件方便，夹具维修方便。在满足刚度和强度的前提下，应尽量能减轻重量，缩小体积，力求简单。（4）应便于排除切屑在机械加工过程中，切屑会不断地积聚在夹具体周围，如不及时排除，切削热量的积聚会破坏夹具的定位精度，切屑的抛甩可能缠绕定位元件，也会破坏定位精度，甚至发生安全事故。因此，对于加工过程中切屑产生不多的情况，可适当加大定位元件工作表面与夹具体之间的距离以增大容屑空间：对于加工过程中切削产生较多的情况，一般应在夹具体上设置排屑槽。（5）在机床上的安装应稳定可靠夹具在机床上的安装都是通过夹具体上的安装基面与机床上的相应表面的接触或配合实现的。当夹具在机床工作台上安装时，夹具的重心应尽量低，支承面积应足够大，安装基面应有较高的配合精度，保证安装稳定可靠。夹具底部一般应中空，大型夹具还应设置吊环或起重孔。确定夹具体的结构尺寸，然后绘制夹具总图。详见绘制的夹具装配图。4.7 零件的车床专用夹具简单使用说明（1）夹具的总体结构应力力求紧凑、轻便，悬臂尺寸要短，重心尽可能靠近主轴。（2）当工件和夹具上个元件相对机床主轴的旋转轴线不平衡时，将产生较大的离心力和振动，影响工件的加工质量、刀具的寿命、机床的精度和安全生产，特别是在转速较高的情况下影响更大。因此，对于重量不对称的夹具，要有平衡要求。平衡的方法有两种：设置平衡块或加工减重孔。在工厂实际生产中，常用适配的方法进行夹具的平衡工作。（3）为了保证安全，夹具上各种元件一般不超过夹具的圆形轮廓之外。因此，还应该注意防止切削和冷却液的飞溅问题，必要时应该加防护罩。将左右夹具体固定在头架和尾架中的主轴上，然后把定位销（4个）打入夹具体，再把左右两固定块固定到各自的夹具体上。用百分表调整第1或第6轴颈轴心线，使其处于车床主轴回转中心位置，然后夹紧凸轮轴，再将套在凸轮轴皮带轮轴颈上毕业设计（论文）撰写规范毕业论文（设计说明书、创作说明书）是学生在教师的指导下经过调查研究、科学实验或工程设计，对所取得成果的科学表述，是学生毕业及学位资格认定的重要依据。其撰写在参照国家、各专业部门制定的有关标准及语法规范的同时，应遵照如下规范：1论文结构及写作要求论文应包括题目、中文摘要与关键词、英文题目、英文摘要与关键词、目录、正文、致谢、参考文献和附录等部分。1.1题目题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。论文题目一般中文题目不超过25个字，外文题目不超过15个实词，不使用标点符号，中外文题名应一致。标题中尽量不用英文缩写词，必须采用时，应使用本行业通用缩写词。1.2摘要与关键词1.2.1摘要摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要说明研究工作的目的、主要材料和方法、研究结果、结论、科学意义或应用价值等，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表以及非公知公用的符号和术语，不标注引用文献编号。中文摘要一般为300字左右，外文摘要为250个实词左右，外文摘要应与中文摘要内容一致。1.2.2关键词关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条（参照相应的技术术语标准），一般列35个，按词条的外延层次从大到小排列，应在摘要中出现。1.3目录目录独立成页，包括论文中全部章、节的标题及页码。目录中的标题应与正文中的标题一致，附录也应依次列入目录。1.4论文正文论文正文包括绪论、论文主体及结论等部分。1.4.1绪论绪论应综合评述前人工作，说明论文工作的选题目的、背景和意义、国内外文献综述以及论文所要研究的主要内容。对所研究问题的认识，以及提出问题。1.4.2论文主体论文主体是论文的主要部分，应该结构合理，层次清楚，重点突出，文字简练、通顺。1.4.3结论（结果与分析）结论是对整个论文主要成果的归纳，应突出论文（设计）的创新点，以简练的文字对论文的主要工作进行评价。若不可能导出应有的结论，则进行必要的讨论。可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想及尚待解决的问题等等。1.5致谢向给予指导、合作、支持及协助完成研究工作的单位、组织或个人致谢，内容应简洁明了、实事求是，避免俗套。1.6参考文献参考文献反映论文的取材来源、材料的广博程度。论文中引用的文献应以近期发表的与论文工作直接有关的学术期刊类文献为主。应是作者亲自阅读或引用过的，不应转录他人文后的文献。1.7附录不宜放在正文中但有重要参考价值的内容（如公式的推导、程序流程图、图纸、数据表格等）可编入论文的附录中。2书写及打印要求2.1论文书写论文要求统一使用MicrosoftWord软件进行文字处理，统一采用A4页面（210297）复印纸打印。其中上边距25、下边距25、左边距25、右边距25、页眉15、页脚15。论文各章（包括致谢、参考文献和附录等）应另起一页，正文为宋体五号，字间距为标准，行间距为1.5倍行距。页眉内容统一为“成都学院（成都大学）学士学位论文（设计）”，采用宋体小五号斜体字居右排写。页码在下边线下居中放置，TimesNewRoman小五号字体。摘要、关键词、目录等文前部分的页码用罗马数字（、）编排，正文以后的页码用阿拉伯数字（1、2）编排。2.2标题题目使用小二号黑体，居中。2.3摘要与关键词中、外文摘要与关键词单独成页置于目录前，编排上中文在前，外文在后。摘要、关键词题头均用五号黑体字，内容用五号宋体。关键词各词条间用分号“；”隔开。2.4目录目录应包括论文中全部章节的标题及页码，含正文章、节题目、致谢、参考文献、附录等。目录编排最多使用三级目录（即：1、1.1、1.1.1），二、三级目录相对前级目录右缩进一个汉字位置，要求标题层次清晰。目录题头用四号黑体字居中排写，隔行书写目录内容。2.5论文正文2.5.1章节及各章标题章节标题应突出重点、简明扼要，字数一般在15字以内，不使用标点符号。标题中尽量不采用英文缩写词，对必须采用者，应使用本行业的通用缩写词。2.5.2层次层次根据实际需要选择，以少为宜。各层次标题不得置于页面的最后一行（孤行）。层次代号格式要求参照表2-1和表2-2。表2-1理工科类论文层次代号及说明章绪论（章标题可省略）居中，四号黑体第1章居中，四号黑体节1.1空两格，小四号黑体条1.1.1空两格，五号黑体款1.1.1.1空两格，五号黑体首行空两格，五号宋体项（1）首行空两格，五号宋体首行空两格，五号宋体表2-2文管经法类论文层次代号及说明章绪论（章标题可省略）居中，四号黑体第一章居中，四号黑体节（一）空两格，小四号黑体条1.空两格，五号宋体空两格，五号宋体（正文）款（1）空两格，五号宋体空两格，五号宋体（正文）项首行空两格，五号宋体首行空两格，五号宋体（正文）2.6参考文献2.6.1文献标识论文正文中须标识参考文献编号，按出现顺序用小五号字体标识，置于所引内容最末句的右上角（上标）。文献编号用阿拉伯数字置于方括号“”中，如：1；4，5；6-8。当提及的参考文献为文中直接说明时，其序号应该与正文排齐，如“由文献8，1014可知”。论文中引用文献原文应加引号；若引用原意，文前用冒号或逗号，不用引号。较完整的长段引文应提行独立成段，即在冒号后另起一段。为区别正文，书写时整体缩进两格（首行相对正文缩进四格），采用楷体小五号字书写，引文头尾处不必再加引号。2.6.2书写格式参考文献题头用黑体四号字居中排写。其后空一行写文献条目。参考文献书写格式应按论文引用顺序编排，文献编号顶格书写，加括号“”，其后空一格写作者名等内容。文字换行时与作者名第一个字对齐。常用参考文献编写规定如下：著作图书类文献序号作者书名版次出版者，出版年：引用部分起止页翻译图书类文献序号作者书名译者版次出版者，出版年：引用部分起止页学术刊物类文献序号作者文章名学术刊物名年，卷（期）：引用部分起止页学术会议类文献序号作者文章名编者名会议名称，会议地址，年份出版地，出版者，出版年：引用部分起止页学位论文类文献序号学生姓名学位论文题目学校及学位论文级别答辩年份：引用部分起止页其中：文献作者为多人时，一般只列出3名作者，不同作者姓名间用逗号相隔。外文姓名按国际惯例，将作者名的缩写置前，作者姓置后；学术刊物文献无卷号的可略去此项，直接写“年，（期）”。2.7公式原则上居中书写。若公式前有文字（如“解”、“假定”等），文字顶格书写，公式仍居中写。公式末不加标点。公式序号按章编排，并在公式后靠页面右边线标注，如第1章第一个公式序号为“（1-1）”，附录2中的第一个公式为“（-1）”等。文中引用公式时，一般用“见式（1-1）”或“由公式（1-1）”。公式较长时在等号“”或运算符号“、”处转行，转行时运算符号书写于转行式前，不重复书写。公式中应注意分数线的长短（主、副分线严格区分），长分线与等号对齐。公式中第一次出现的物理量应给予注释，注释的转行应与破折号“”后第一个字对齐，格式见下例：式中Mf试样断裂前的最大扭矩（Nm）；f试样断裂时的单位长度上的相对扭转角2.8插表表格一般采取三线制，不加左、右边线，上、下底为粗实线（1磅），中间为细实线（0.75磅）。比较复杂的表格，可适当增加横线和竖线。表序按章编排，如第1章第一个插表序号为“表1-1”等。表序与表名之间空一格，表名不允许使用标点符号。表序与表名置于表上，居中排写，采用黑体小五号字。表头设计应简单明了，尽量不用斜线。表头中可采用化学符号或物理量符号。全表如用同一单位，将单位符号移到表头右上角，加圆括号。表中数据应正确无误，书写清楚。数字空缺的格内加“”字线（占2个数字宽度）。表内文字和数字上、下或左、右相同时，不允许用“”、“同上”之类的写法，可采用通栏处理方式。文法经管类论文，插表在表下一般根据需要可增列补充材料、注解、资料来源、某些指标的计算方法等。补充材料中中文文字用楷体小五号字，外文及数字用TimesNewRoman体小五号字。2.9插图插图应符合国家标准及专业标准，与文字紧密配合，文图相符，技术内容正确。2.9.1图题及图中说明图题由图号和图名组成。图号按章编排，如第1章第一图图号为“图1-1”等。图题置于图下，图注或其他说明时应置于图与图题之间。图名在图号之后空一格排写，图题用黑体小五号字。引用图应说明出处，在图题右上角加引用文献编号。图中若有分图时，分图号用A)、B)标识并置于分图之下。图中各部分说明应采用中文（引用的外文图除外）或数字项号，各项文字说明置于图题之上（有分图题者，置于分图题之上），采用揩体小五号字。2.9.2插图编排插图与其图题为一个整体，不得拆开排写于两页。插图应编排在正文提及之后，插图处的该页空白不够时，则可将其后文字部分提前排写，将图移到次页最前面。2.9.3照片图论文中照片图均应是原版照片粘贴，不得采用复印方式。照片应主题突出、层次分明、清晰整洁、反差适中。对显微组织类照片必须注明放大倍数。2.10附录附录序号采用“附录1”、“附录2”或“附录一”、“附录二”等，用四号黑体字居中排写，其后不加标点符号，空一行书写附录内容。附录内容文字字体字号参照正文要求。附录1摘要及关键词示例题目（小二号黑体）（空一行）摘要（五号黑体）：。（内容五号宋体，200-300字）关键词（五号黑体）：；（内容五号宋体，3-5个实词）（空一行）Title（小二号TimeNewRoman）（空一行）Abstract（五号黑体）：。（五号TimesNewRoman，200300个实词）KeyWords（五号黑体）:；（五号TimesNewRoman，3-5个实词，）附录2目录示例目录（空一行）绪论1第1章31.131.231.2.131.2.24第2章52.152.1.152.1.292.211第3章133.1133.2153.2.1153.2.217第4章结论18致谢19参考文献20附录21附录3参考文献示例参考文献（空一行）1J.R.McDonnell,D.Wagen.EvolvingRecurrentPerceptionsForTime-SeriesModeling.IEEETrans.OnNeuralNetworks.1994,5(1):24382X.Yao.EvolutionaryArtifitialNeuralNetworks.J.OfNeuralSystems.1933,(4):203-2223S.Niwa,M.SuzukiAndK.Kimura.ElectricalShockAbsorberForDockingSystemInSpace.IEEEInternationalWorkshopOnIntelligentMotionControl,BogaziciUniversity,Istenbul.1990:8258304林来兴.空间控制技术.宇航出版社,1992：25425吴葳,洪炳熔.自由浮游空间机器人捕捉目标的运动规划研究.中国第五届机器人学术会议论文集.哈尔滨,1997:75806谌颖.空间最优交会控制理论与方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.1992:813Mechanical Parts Processing Technology and Fixture DesignPick to : the machining parts of the structure and process analysis, identified the machine-finishing craft route, fixture in the mechanical processing of the status and importance, as well as the fixture design. With the increasingly development of scientific progress and the adjustment of national industry policy, project machinery industry already became no policy barriers of perfectly competitive industryKey words: technical background / development / process / positioning scheme1 Mechanical Processing Historical Background and Its SignificanceMachinery manufacturing industry is an old and eternal industry full of vitality. With the development of modern industry, the mechanical product of the increasingly high demand, machinery manufacturing technology are developing rapidly. Since the founding of new China, our countrys manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry to obtain the considerable development, a considerable size and technical basis of mechanical industry system is formed basically. Years of reform and opening up, Chinas manufacturing industry to make full use of domestic and foreign two aspects of technological resources, there are plans to promote the technical transformation of enterprises, guide enterprises to take the road to rely on progress of science and technology, manufacturing technology, product quality and level and the economic benefit produced marked change, in order to promote the development of the national economy has made great contribution. Although our country manufacturing industry comprehensive technical level has been greatly improved, but compared with developed country, still have level sex difference. Enter the twenty-first Century, the economic development of our country s leading industry still is the manufacturing industry, especially after our country joins WTO, the worlds manufacturing center is developed from migration to Asia, China has cheap labor and the general consumer market, accordingly, industry of our country wants to develop, need to have appropriate technology and equipment support.Machinery industry is the equipment industry of national economy; it is content of science and technology of foundation; is new and high technology industrialization; is the basis of national defense building; is to achieve rapid economic growth of the important pillar; is to improve peoples living quality, provide consumer electrical products supply industry. It runs to national economy, the quality and efficiency of industrial structure adjustment and optimization is a very important role.2 The Status of Machinery Industry and Development TrendWith the development of society, all kinds of machinery and gradually applied to the various industry, whether in the agricultural, military, industrial, mechanical operation, leaving no efficiency, therefore, in some sense, the strength of a countrys economy, social status, and the development of machinery industry is close separable. The industrialized countries economic development course indicated that, without a strong equipment manufacturing industry, is impossible to achieve national economy industrialization, modernization and information 3 . At present, the equipment manufacturing industry development lag is restricting Chinas economic development and industrial upgrading of the important factors, increase structural adjustment strength, promote mechanical industry lasts, healthy, steady development, to change the mode of economic growth, improve quality of national economy whole, enhance the international competitiveness of the economy, security and national defense security has important and far-reaching meaning of.3 Of Machining Process Planning3.1 Machining Process DefinitionThe machining process is the use of mechanical processing method of change in rough shape, size, the relative position and the nature, make its become finished or semi-finished products of the whole process. Machining process directly determines the parts and the quality and performance of products, product cost, production period has great influence, is an important part of the whole process.3.2 Mechanical ProcessesThe composition of mechanical machining process of the basic unit is a process. Process and is formed by mounting, station, working steps and take the knife.The process is a group of workers, in a work of the same or simultaneously on several workpieces are completed for that part of the process. Process is the formulation of labor quota, with workers and machine tool equipment, arranging operation plan and quality testing of the basic unit.The installation is a workpiece by a fixture after the completion of the procedures.The application of switch ( or displacement) when processing machine tool ( or fixture ) processing, in a fixture, the workpiece ( or cutter ) relative to the machine tool passes through several locations in order processing, in each position is done on that part of the process, called station. The multi-station processing can reduce the times of clamping, reduce the mounting error, improve productivity.The step is processing the surface in the cutting tool and the cutting parameters ( only refers to the spindle speed and feed rate ) are the same circumstances completed part of the process.3.3 Machining Process DefinitionProducts or components manufacturing process and operation methods of the process, called process, it is the enterprise in the production of technical guidance document.3.4 Machining Process Planning Function and ContentMachining process is ready for production work mainly on the basis of. According to its raw material and semifinished product supply, machine tool adjustment, special process equipment design and manufacturing, production scheduling, allocation of labor force, and the production cost accounting.The machining process planning and organization of production, planning and scheduling based on. It can make production schedule and the corresponding scheduling, and can be connected to the scientific process, production is balanced, smooth, to realize high quality, high yield and low consumption.Machining process card and machining process card, are the two main process documents. Machining process card, is illustrated parts machining process technology files. In a single, small batch production, to machining process card guiding production, process card various projects in the preparation of more detailed. Machining process card for each process detailed formulation, used to direct workers, used for mass production parts and mass production of the important parts in the.3.5 Making The Machining Process Planning Principles and StepsUnder certain production conditions, with minimal consumption of labor and the lowest cost, according to plans processing parts that meet requirements of the drawings, is to develop the basic principle of machining process.Formulation of machining process steps are as follows:The under parts of the production program decision production type;The analysis of parts processing technology;The choice of blank type and manufacturing method;The technological process;The process design;The process documentation.4 Fixture Design4.1 Fixture Design SenseIn the machinery industry, how to guarantee the high precision of workpiece, the costs of processing and other substantive issues, has been engaged in the mechanical industry research questions, which in the design of fixture when we should consider the problems above, efficient fixture is the workpiece precision guarantee, how to make the fixture more efficient, more economical, the industry is the urgent need to resolve.With the development of society, the continuous improvement of technology, various high-tech technology gradually infiltrated into all sectors, how to use these high-tech to serve mankind, how to make full use of the technology in mechanical industry, it also requires machinery industry staff continued efforts, innovation.With the development of science and technology, and social needs of the market, the fixture design in progressive super to the flexible manufacturing system development. To date, the fixture is mechanical and electrical products manufacturing in the four indispensable tools, tool itself is already highly standardized, the user only needs to press varieties, specifications selection and procurement. While the mold and fixture and related products products, there is a need to make changes, usually belong to the special properties of the tool, mould has become an independent industry; fixture at home and abroad is also gradually form a dependent or independent small industry of machine tool industry. Combined clamp not only has the standardization, modularization, modular and other contemporary advanced design ideas, and in line with resource conservation principle, more suitable for green manufacturing environment protection principle. So the next fixture technology is an important direction of development unit.Machine tool fixture is usually refers to the use of clamping workpiece clamping device: for the device with various tools, also known as tool. The auxiliary tool is sometimes generalized to include in the range of machine tool fixture. According to the application range of machine tool fixture, generally can be divided into general jig, fixture and adjustable fixture.Universal jig is on general machine tools are generally accompanied by a common fixture, such as a lathe chuck, milling machine rotary table, dividing head, top seat. They have a standardized, with certain universality, can be used to install certain shape and size within the range of the workpiece without the need for special adjustment. However, in actual production, a universal fixture often can not meet the needs of various parts processing; or because of low productivity and must have the universal fixture for proper improvement; or because the shape of the workpiece, the processing requirements to be different specialized design and manufacture of a special jig, in order to solve the actual production needs.Jig is adapted to a workpiece in a processing requirements and the design and manufacturing expertise, its function mainly has the following several aspects: 1 ensure that the surface of the workpiece being processed mainly includes processing workpieces need maneuvering time of loading and unloading workpieces need the auxiliary time of two part. 2 using a dedicated fixture, workpiece installation and conversion work work can be greatly simplified, no longer need to draw the line and to find it, to shorten the working procedure non-cutting time and save line drawing this process, thereby improving the labor productivity. In production due to the adoption of multiple parallel processing workpiece fixture, enabling the simultaneous processing several parts of the motor will time and processing time of the same motor. The rotary multi-station continuous processing fixture, can be used for machining a workpiece at the same time, other workpiece loading and unloading, thereby enabling the auxiliary time and motor time coincides. In short, with the special fixture using and further improvement, can effectively shorten the process time, production to meet the evolving needs of. 3 using a dedicated fixture can expand the scope of machine tool technology. For example in lathe boring jig attached, can replace boring work; special fixture can be installed after turning the molding surface, so as to give full play to the role of general machine tools. 4, reduce the labor intensity, and ensuring safety production. According to the demand of production, using pneumatic, hydraulic or other mechanical changes, a higher degree of automation of the special fixture, to reduce the labor intensity of workers, protection of production safety and the stability of product quality and high yield of a great role. Processing large workpieces, such as the lathe bed, the lower surfaces of the screw holes on the bed, need to flip several times for processing workpieces, high labor intensity and safety. The use of electric rotary drill furniture, can improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity, ensure safety in production.4.2 Fixture of The Development TrendIndustrial design is the development of human society and the progress of science and technology of the product, from Maurices the arts and Crafts Movement, to the German Bauhaus design revolution and the United States of America wide dissemination and promotion, industrial design after brewing, exploration, formation, development history of more than 100 years of vicissitudes. Today, industrial design has become an independent subject, and a complete set of research system.In 1980 the International Council of societies of industrial design ( ICSID ) to the industry as a clearly defined: production of industrial products, by training, technical knowledge, experience and visual experience, and indicates the material, structure, morphology, structure, color, surface processing, decoration to the new quality and specification, called industrial design. According to the specific circumstances of the time, industrial designer in the industry products are all side or a few aspects of the work, but also the need for industrial designers of packaging, publicity, display, market development and other issues to resolve pay their own technical knowledge and experience and ability of the visual evaluation, which also belongs to the scope of industrial design.Material, structure, technology is the product design material and technical basis, on one hand, technology restrict the design; on the other hand, technology is also promoting design. From the point of view of design aesthetics, technology is not only the material basis but also has its own function action, as long as good application properties of the materials, to the corresponding structure and suitable processing technology, can create a practical, aesthetic, economic products, namely in the product technology potential function.Any design are the product of the times, its different features, different features reflect the different historical periods of level of science and technology. Technology is the product of the morphological development of the pilot, new material, new technology products, is bound to bring new structure, new forms and new style. Materials, processing technology, structure, product image organic ground is contacted together, a part of the change, it will cause the whole body changes.Now, the machining process and fixture with the development of manufacturing technology also make a spurt of progress. Machining process to the various factories in different circumstances, its processing procedures are very different. Break through the past death mode. Make it with different cases has more reasonable technological process. So that product quality greatly improved. Develop processing technology can be rational, but also to meet the basic requirements: guarantee product quality under the premise, as far as possible to improve labor productivity and reduce the processing cost. And to make full use of the existing factory production conditions, as far as possible, using domestic and foreign advanced technology and experience. Should also ensure that the good working conditions. But our country present stage still rely mainly on technology personnel experience to prepare process, often does not require step and cutting amount, man-hour quota is to be determined by experience, very rough, the lack of scientific basis, difficult to carry ou
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