外文翻译-变电所综合自动化的发展

英文原文DevelopmentinSubstationAutomationSystemsRobertKirkmanAbstract-Therapidpaceoftechnologicaldevelopmentshowsnosignofslowing.TechnologicaldevelopmenthashadandisstillhavingabigimpactonSubstationAutomationSystems.Nowadays,withthemovetowardselectricalutilityderegulationthroughouttheworld,itisimperativetoexploitthelatesttrends.Utilitiesandindustrymustbeabletoprovideanevenmoreefficientandcost-effectiveservice.Theymustultimatelyoptimisetheirassetsandstayaheadofthecompetition.Thispaperdescribes,byreflectingbackonSubstationAutomationhistory,todaysdevelopmentsandhowuserscouldutilisethemintheirSubstationAutomationSystems.Inadditionasummaryofthegainedbenefitsisgivenandsomereferencesareshown.1.INTRODUCTIONSinceSiemensintroducedthefirstdigital/numericalanddecentralisedconceptforSubstationAutomationSystems(SINAUTLSA)20yearsago,somemajorachievementsandtrendshavehappened.ThefirstSubstationAutomationSystems(SASs)typicallyhadamaster-slavearchitectureinastartopologyandusedvendor-specificproprietaryprotocolswithintheSubstationandtoaNetworkControlCentre(NCC)/SCADASystem.Duetothenoninteroperabilityofcommunication&datamodelling,substationintegrationwasverycomplexandrisky.Thereforetheuserwasoftenboundtoonevendor.Theusageofprotocolconverterswasquiteoftenessential.Needlesstosay,inthosedaystheinteroperabilityofengineeringdatawasnotevenatopicofdiscussion.Themaster-slavearchitectureitselfcreatedsomeadditionalsystemimmanentlimitations:Station-wideautomationfunctionalityislocatedinthemasterMasterrepresentsabottleneckCommunicationbetweenmaster&slaveisinpollingmodeonly,i.e.noteventdrivenNodirectcommunicationbetweentwoslavesHardware,communicationequipmentandtheHumanMachineInterface(HMI)wereoftenfromonevendorandthusdevelopmentwasconstrained.Thisledtolimitationsinfunctionality,performanceandparticipationinnewdevelopments.Theswitchgearinterlockingwasmainlydonebyaseparateindependentsystem,whichwashardwiredinparalleltotheI/Ounits.TheconfigurationofaSASwasdoneofflineusingaPC/WorkstationandtheneitherprogrammedontoEPROMSorlaterdirectlyloadedontothemasterorI/0units.Thesefirstsubstationautomationsolutionsfocusedongettingoperationaldata,e.g.voltage,currentandthestatusofswitchingdevicestoaNCC.Displayingthesedataprovidedasnapshotofthecurrentfunctionalandoperationalstatusofthesystem,thushelpingtoeasilyrunthesubstation,buttheydidntofferacompleteoverviewofthesystem.Inshort,thefirstimportantmilestonetowardssubstationautomationhadbeenachieved.Theuseofmicroprocessor-baseddecentralisedsystemsdid,however,leavelotsofroomforimprovement.TherapiddisseminationofITandcommunicationintodaysworldandtheusersdemandforasecureandsoundinvestmenthavedrivensubstationautomationtowardsmorestandardisation,interoperability,reliabilityandsuperiorperformance.Howdidwemeetthesenewrequirementsandaddresstheexistingandon-goingtrendsanddevelopments?2.TRENDS&DEVELOPMENTSINSAS2.1.USEOFSTANDARDISEDCOMMUNICATIONBeforethenewIEC61850standardenteredtheSASworld,Ethernetwasalreadypresent.Forexample,EthernetwasusedasthecommunicationplatformbetweenHMIandthemasterunit.WhywasEthernettherightapproach?EthernetispartoftheInternetProtocolSuiteandisapacketswitchednetworkEthernetistodaysworldstandardforLANofficecommunicationEthernetsupportsmultiprotocols&servicesoveronephysicalmediumRedundancysuchasredundantfibreopticloopsisavailableIndustrialcommunicationisalsotrendingtowardsEthernetTheuseofEthernetinoursubstationautomationenvironmentprovidesstandardisedhighspeedcommunication.Awidevarietyofprovenequipmentandexperiencedengineersareavailable.Attheendoftheday,Ethernetenablesustomergeindustrial,powerandofficecommunicationtogether.Nobigsurprisethattherecentlyadoptedworld-widestandardIEC61850forsubstationcommunicationusesEthernetforlayersoneandtwo.ThemaindriversfordevelopingIEC61850weretoachieveinteroperabilityofprotectionandcontroldevices/systemsfromdifferentvendorsandtoenablemuchmorethanjustcommunication.Thesegoalsweremetbyconsideringthethreefundamentalparts1ofcommunicationwithinaSASnamely:DatamodelsoftheapplicationsServicesfortransferringthesedataRealcommunicationprotocols.Thedatamodelsandtheservicesrarelychangeinthecourseoftime.Therealprotocolsforimplementingthecommunicationcanintheorybeanythingandcanchange.IEC61850standardisesthedatamodels,thegenericservicesfortransferringthedataandspecifiesthefollowingrealprotocols:ManufacturingMessageSpecification(MMS)TCP/IPEthernetTheserealprotocolsmaybereplacedbynewonessothatthestandardkeepspacewithcommunicationtechnology.2.2.BENEFITINGFROMWEBTECHNOLOGYTherapiddisseminationandindisputableacceptanceofheWorldWideWeb(WWW)madeusquestionthepossibilityofusingweb-basedservicesandsolutionsinourSASbusiness.Wecouldforinstanceusewebbrowserbasedconfigurationanddiagnosticstoolstoremotelyandcosteffectivelyaccessthesubstation.AnotheroptioncouldbetouseawebserverbasedHMItomonitorthesubstationandincorporateaddedvalue,e.g.byusingwebcams2.WesimplyusestandardcommunicationprotocolsfortheSAStogetherwiththestandardsfromtheIT-world,i.e.WWW-ServicesbasedontheHyperTextTransportProtocol(HTTP).Figure3showsanoverviewofaSASnetwork,whichcomprisestraditionaltelecontrolcommunicationbetweenaNCCandseveralsubstations,togetherwithclient/servertechnologyusingtheIntraandInternet.Eachsubstationcommunicatesusingtwoindependentprotocolsviathestationrouter.ThesetwoprotocolsarenamelythetraditionaltelecontrolprotocolDNPoverTCP/IPorIEC60870-5-104forcommunicationbetweenthesubstationandtheNCCandthemodernHTTP-basedcommunicationforcommunicationbetweenthesubstationandthewebclients.Itispossibletorunthesetwoprotocolsinparallelwithoutlossincommunicationperformance,duetothedesignofTCP/IPbasedcommunication,whichallowsdifferentapplicationsorservicestooperateoverthesamenetwork.Inlargesubstationsorestateswithmorethanonesubstationitmightbeofinteresttovisualiseasubstationusingweb-basedsolutions.Todothis,so-calledthinclientsandterminalservicescanbeusedwithinthesubstation.Forexample,Windows2003terminalservicescanbeinstalledonthesubstationswebserver,alongwiththerequiredapplicationsandsoftware.Eachthinclientopensitsownsessiononthewebserverandoperateslikeaterminal.Onlykeyboardsignals,mousesignalsanddisplaycontentsaretransmittedbetweenthethinclientandthewebserver,thereforereducingthesystemadministrationeffort.Variousoperatingplatforms,e.g.UNIX,Linux,Mac,canrunonthethinclients.Figure4showsanexampleofthinclienttechnologyusingterminalservices.PleasenotethatthemasterunitisreferredtoasthestationunitintodaysSASs.2.3.MAKINGCONFIGURATIONEASY&EFFICIENTAsdescribedinmyintroduction,thefirstandso-calledembeddedsystemsbasedonproprietaryhardwareneededanofflinetoolrunningnormallyonaPC/Windowsplatformtoconfigureanddownloaddataontothesystem.Theengineeringprocesscomprisedthesystemconfiguration(datamapping,automaticlogic,etc.),compilationintoabinarycodeanddownloadingontothemasterunit.Afterwhicharestartwasrequiredtochecktheresults.Thiswasverytimeconsumingandmainlydoneoffline.AnotherproblemaroseconcerningthelifecycletimeoftheSASandinnovationcycleoftheITworld.TheSASlifecycleisestimatedat15-20years,butavailabilityandsupportoftheassociatedhardandsoftwareismuchless.Inotherwords,after5-10yearsitisverydifficulttogetasuitablesetofcompatiblehardandsoftwaretoconfigureanexistingSAS.Substationretrofitsandextensionsareparticularlyaffected.Howdidwecombatthisproblem?Answer,westartedtousestandardisedcomponentssuchasspeciallydesignedindustrialcomponentswithalifetimeof15years(hardandsoftware).Sonowthestationunithasboththeruntimecomponentsandthenecessaryconfigurationtoolsalreadyonboard.Thismeansnocompilationandloadingontotheruntimesystemisnecessary.Changescanbemadeonlinewhichhelpstoacceleratetheengineeringprocessandaworkableplatformisavailabletomaintainandconfigurethesystemfortheentirelifecycle.2.4.MOVETODISTRIBUTEDINTELLIGENCEComparedtotheclassicalmaster/slavesystemsusedinthepast,theintelligencehasnowbeenmovedclosertotheprocessbyintroducingdistributedfunctionality.Todaysbayandprotectionunitshaveenhancedfunctionality,i.e.theSASisbasedondistributedintelligence.ThisapproachisfullysupportedbyIEC61850andtheso-calledGOOSE(GenericObjectOrientedSubstationEvent)mechanism.TheGOOSEmechanismreferstothebaytobayorpeertopeercommunicationbetweenIEDs.Thepeertopeercommunicationcannowbeusedfortimecriticalautomaticfunctionslikeloadshedding,fastnetworkrestoration,reverseinterlocking,etc.Needlesstosay,bayrelatedandstation-wideinterlockingcanbeeasilyimplementedusingGOOSE.Distributedintelligenceeliminatessystemlimitationsassociatedwithtypicalmaster/slavearchitectures,suchasbottlenecksinthemasterunit.Functionalredundancy,i.e.theHMIandstationunit(dataconcentrator)areindependentfromeachother,thusimprovingsystemavailability.AlthoughIEDsusingnewprotocolssuchasIEC61850andDNPoverTCP/IPcould,providedthatbandwidthisavailable,talkdirectlytoaSCADAsystem;astationunitactingasanintermediatedataconcentratorisstillusefulandnecessary,sincemostSCADAserversdonothaveenoughCPUcapacitytoprocessfrequentcommunicationexchangeswitheveryIED4.ThestationunitactsasaprotocoltranslatorandprovidestheSCADAwithasinglepointofentry.TheamountofdatacommunicatedtotheSCADAisreducedandthesystemandcontrolsarebettersecured.2.5.DEVELOPMENTOFENHANCED&COMPREHENSIVESECURITYOpen&standardTCP/IPbasedcommunicationrequiresenhancedsecurity,i.e.thetransportmustbesecuredusing,forexample,IPSec,VPN,WirelesswithWPA,inordertoensureprivacyofdata,voiceandvideostreams.Threatdefenceisimplementedtodefendtheedge,protecttheinteriorandguardtheendpoints.Detectionandpreventionagainstexternalattackscanbemanagedbyintegratednetworkfirewallsandintrusiondetectionsystems(IDS).Protectionagainstinternalattacksisatypicaltaskofintegratednetworksecuritysuchasnetworkbehaviouranalysis(NBA),policyimplementation,etc.hostprotectionagainstinfectionisnormallyimplementedbydesktopfirewallsandantivirussoftware.TrustandidentifybasednetworkingusingAAA(authentication,authorisationandaccounting)canbeimplementedtocontrolwhoorwhathasaccesstowhichresources.2.6AIMTOMANAGENON-OPERATIONALDATAAfurtherchallengearisesfromtheuseofnewSASsandintelligenthigh-voltagesubstationswithintegratedmonitoring,whichisleadingtoanotherirreversibletrendtheincreaseintheamountofavailabledata,whichmustbeskilfullymanaged.ThesekindsofSASscontainaconsiderablenumberofIEDswhicharecapableoflocallystoringmeasuredvalues,faultrecordsandsignals,tobettersupportstatusmonitoringofthesubstationequipment.Wealsohavethenon-operationaldatalikegaspressure,gasdissolving,transformertemperature,lightning,weatherconditionsandprotectionrelaysettings.Thisdatamainlyremainsuntapped.AlsooldergenerationIEDsstillusinglegacyprotocolsdonothaveseparateindependentportsallowingdifferentuserstoretrievebothoperationalandnonoperationaldata.Thuseachtypeofuser,e.g.auserresponsibleformaintenance,hastoconnecttheIEDstoretrievetherequireddata.Aswediscussed(orlearnt)IEC61850usesEthernetandTCP/IPwhichprovidesonecommonhighspeeddatahighwaytotransmitallkindofdatasimultaneouslywithoutimpedingeachother.SoIEC61850solvestheproblemofdatatransmission,datamodelandinteroperability,butstillthereisagapbetweendatagenerationanddataunderstanding.Thefuturechallengewillbetodevelopandimprovedataanalysistechniquesandmethodologytoextractthemaximumbenefitfortheuser.Theseso-called“ExpertSystems”willbeabletogenerateandsupport,forexample,customisedreports,conditionbasedmaintenancefortransformer/circuitbreakerandprovidepredictablefuturehealthandperformanceofthepowersystem,i.e.optimiseassetmanagement.3.USERBENEFITSThemainfocusofallinnovationanddevelopmenthastobethegenerationofrealuserbenefits.Itistooeasytoassessuserbenefitbyonlyconsideringtheinvestmentcostandnotcomparingthelifecyclecosts.TheaddedvalueofamodernSASshouldbequantified.AccordingtoastudydonebyHelsinkiEnergyinNorway3thecomparisonoflifecyclecostsofconventionalandnumericalsecondarysystemsshowedthatafullynumericalsystemsaves25%comparedtoaconventionalone.ThefollowingbenefitsattempttoemphasizetheadvantagesofanewandfullynumericalSASusingIEC61850.TheIEC61850representsthefirstworld-widestandardforallinteroperableneedsinaSASenvironment.Thisstandardgivestheuserthefreedomofchoicewhenselectingequipmentfromdifferentvendorsandallowstheusertoeasilyintegratethechosenequipment.IEC61850runningonanEthernetbasedstationbusreducesthewiringandcommissioningtimebyprovidingonecommonplatformforallcommunicationwithinthesubstation.EngineeringexpensesplayanimportantroleintheSASlifecyclecosts.TheIEC61850withitsstandardizedsubstationconfigurationlanguagereducestheengineeringeffort.ThisisbecomingmoreandmorerelevantwhenimplementingcomplexfunctionsusingIEDsfromdifferentvendors,i.e.doingsubstationintegration.InourSASenvironmentweconsideralifetimeofapproximately15-20years,i.e.theinnovationcycleismuchlowerthanintheITworld.Inotherwordsweneedsystemsthatprovideasoundinvestment.ThereforetheIEC61850separatestheapplicationanddatamodelfromtherealcommunicationnetwork(today100Mbit/sEthernet).Thismeansfurtherandnewinnovationofcommunicationnetworkscanbeeasilyadapted.SASweb-basedsolutionsallowustobenefitfromtheavailableIntra-andInternetnetworksandprovideuswithaveryeconomicworld-wideplatform.Wecanofferuserfriendlyandconvenientremoteaccessfromanylocation,minimizecostlysubstationvisitandsitesupervision.Moreovervendorsareabletogivetheircustomersremotediagnosticandhotlinesupport.Thisresultsinamuchfasterandmoreeffectiveservice,especiallyifthecustomerandvendorspecialistsarelocatedindifferentcontinents.ThenewarchitectureusingdistributedintelligenceclearlyimprovesthereliabilityandperformanceoftheentireSAS.UsingtheGOOSEpeertopeercommunication,theparallelwiringandengineeringcostscanbereduced.Inaddition,troubleshootingandfurtherextensionoverthelifetimeismucheasier.4.IEC61850REFERENCESAccordingtotheFrost&SullivanGlobalDevelopmentsinSubstationAutomation2006TechnicalInsightsPaper4SiemensholdsarecordforcommissioningtheworldsfirstSASbasedonIEC61850inWinznauschachenSwitzerlandearlyNovember2004,only6monthsaftertheIEC61850wasreleased.AnotherquiteimpressiveprojectusingIEC61850isGarzweilerSubstation,ownedbyRWEPower(Germanpowergenerationcompany).InJanuary2006SiemensannounceditshundredthprojectrunningonIEC61850NanqiaoSubstationownedbytheEastChinaPowerGridCompany.Ashortoverviewofeachapplicationisgivenbelow1,5.4.1.WINZNAUSCHACHENSWITZERLANDTheSwissdistributionnetworkoperatorAVAG,acompanyoftheAtelGroup,requesteda16kVsubstationtobefittedwithanIEC61850automationsystem.Figure9showsthecorrespondingautomationsystem.TheorderwasplacedinApril2004andtheautomationsystemhasbeeninservicesinceNovember2004.Itisanonredundantsystemfora16kVsubstation.ThenumberofIEC61850devicesis9andasmallRTUisusedtocollectandtransmitgeneralalarmsviaIEC60870-5-101tothestationunit.ThelinktotheSCADAsystemwasalsodoneusingIEC60870-5-101.4.2.GARZWEILERGERMANYTheGermanpowergeneratingcompanyRWEPowerhasequippedtheGarzweilersubstationwithequipmentcompliantwithIEC61850.Threesubstationswith110kV,25kVand6kVrespectively,supplyelectricitytoanopencastminewhichservesfourpowerstations.Figure10showsthecorrespondingautomationsystem.Theorderwasplacedinsummer2003andthesubstationautomationsystemhasbeeninservicesinceApril2005.ThesubstationshavealargenumberofIEC61850devices(134).ThelinktotheSCADAsystemissimilartoWinznauschachen,i.e.usesIEC60870-5-101.AlinktotheofficewasinstalledtoallowconvenientremoteaccesstotheIEDs,HMI,andstationunitatanytime.4.3.NANQIAOCHINAEastChinaPowerGridCompanys500/220/35kVtransformersubstationNanqiaoplaysakeyroleinsupplyingthecityofShanghaiwithelectricity.Thisisduetoitspositionattheendofahigh-voltagedirectcurrenttransmission(HVDC)route,whereelectricityistransportedover1000km(600miles)fromGezhoubaincentralChinatoShanghai.ThisHVDCtransmissionsystemisthefirstoffourlargeHVDClong-distancelinksthatSiemenshasbuiltoriscurrentlyinstallinginChina.ForthemodernisationoftheNanqiaosubstation,SiemensisdeployingtheSicamPASstationautomationsystemtogetherwithSiprotec-4baycontrollersusingIEC61850.ThesystemhasbeenenergisedsinceJanuary2006.Figure11showsthesystemoverview.Datacommunicationbetweenthedevicesisviaseveralredundant100-Mbit/sEthernetfiberopticringsthatcomplywiththeIEC-61850standard.TheautomationsystemislinkedwithanHMIsystemfromaChinesemanufacturerviathetelecontrolprotocolIEC60870-5-104.Itisafullyredundantsystemwith80IEDsandtwolinkstotheSCADAsystem.OnelinkusesIEC60870-5-101theotheroneIEC60870-5-104.5.CONCLUSION-OUTLOOKIEC61850willdramaticallyreducethenumberofprotocolsintheSASandwillbefurtherdevelopedtotalkuptotheSCADA/NCCcreatingaso-calledseamlesstelecommunicationarchitecture.FurthermoreIEC61850willdefinetheprocessbuswithrealtimeEthernet,whichwillalsohaveanimpactontheSASarchitecture.TheabilitytointegratetodaysvastlyinstalledIEDsthatstilluselegacyprotocols,i.e.supportmultipleprotocolswhendoingsubstationintegration,remainsessentialforthefuture.Theincreasingavailabilityofnon-operationaldatausingintelligentIEDswillallowustodevelopbetterexpertsystemsforoptimisingassetmanagement.Theuseofnewweb-basedapplicationsandserviceswillfinditsplaceinthisfieldandprovideutilitiesandindustrywithnewbusinessopportunities.REFERENCES1ClemensHogaandGordonWong,“UtilitiesandIndustriesgainbenefitsasIEC61850-implementationgainsspeed”,InauguralIEEEPES2005ConferenceandExpositioninAfricas,July2005.2RobertKirkman,“WWW-TechnologyforSubstationAutomation”,CIGRESession2002,Group34PowerSystemProtectionandLocalControl,34-211,Paris2002.3MHyvrinenandPLaakso,“Comparisonofthelifecyclecostsofconventionalandnumericalsecondarysystems”,CIGRESession2002,Group34PowerSystemProtectionandLocalControl,34-101,Paris2002.4Frost&Sullivan-GlobalDevelopmentinSubstationAutomationD646,2006.5SiemensPressRelease-SiemensspeedstheintroductionofcommunicationsstandardforstationautomationonehundredthIEC-61850projectimplementedinChina.January2006.中文译文变电所综合自动化的发展罗伯特克克曼摘要-科学技术的迅速发展没有显著的变化。而变电所自动化系统却有很大的影响。如今，随着全世界电气事业的自动化，探索最新的发展趋势是迫切的。而在工业上，能够提供一种更有效率和成本效益的服务。它们最终必须先优化其资产，并领先于其它的竞争。本文介绍了变电所自动化的历史，目前的发展，以及在变电所的工作人员怎样使用它们。另外，总结了变电所自动化系统所带来的好处和一些所用的参考书目。1介绍自从西门子采用了第一个关于变电所自动化系统(SINAUTLSA)的数字式/分散数字式的思想。在20多年前，就发生了一些就有大的成就。第一