翻译部分参考(折磨部分).doc

杂学1) The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. 为了使自身长久，一个社会设计的方法形成了，并试图保存这个社会认为很重要的那些文化传承的方面。2) Hardys weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.哈代的弱点来源于他对灵感冲动若影若现在控制上的无能和对这些灵感冲动在培育和支持上的迟疑。3) Virginia Woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.弗吉尼亚沃尔夫在写达腊味夫人的时候关于她写作目的的激进评论一直以来被批评家所忽略，因为她强调了和新派诗人传统理解完全不同的她自己文学兴趣的那些方面，这些新派诗人对幻觉状态的研究和对个人内心世界复杂路径的追踪充满兴趣。4) As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”正如她在common reader 中所说的，肯定的说，没有一个法律因为任何choucer说的或者写的而被建立起来，当我们读他的时候，我们全身心吸收的是道德。5) Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy（一夫一妻）尽管加特曼承认销售导致的强迫分离是频繁的，但是他表示，正如在销售不是很频繁的种植园中所被清晰揭示的那样，奴隶的偏好更多的是一夫一妻制。6) Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.加特曼肯定的说，黑人家庭的稳定性鼓励并且支持了一代一代人有关民俗、音乐和宗教信仰等黑人传承的传递，即那些黑人通过在非洲和美洲的经验不断创造的文化传承。7) His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.他的论文在美国针对黑人歧视问题适用的时候是相对可行的，但是他的针对一个群体基于种族负面判断做出的种族偏见的定义-该群体是在具有种族竞争的特定地区被作为一个民族广为接受的群体-这个定义可以被解释为包含的针对诸如加州的中国人和中世纪欧洲的犹太人这样的民族群体的敌意。8) The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.物理学家害怕精确的论断是有道理的，因为如果它基于的前提条件发生轻微变化，那么那些只有在精确的情况下才有说服力的论断将丧失所有的力量；而相反一个尽管并不精确但是有说服力的论断在其基本前提发生轻微改变的情况下将依然是站得住脚的。9) As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. 随着我的研究的深入，我越来越被昆虫和脊柱动物之间功能的相似性所打动，而不是咋看上去构成两者间巨大鸿沟的结构的差异性。10 Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.尽管小说肯定来源于政治环境，他的作者以不同于意识形态的方式对环境做出反应，而且主要作为意识形态的工具去谈论小说和文学将限制大多数创作的激情。11) The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraintsways of feeling，thinking，and acting that come naturally in archetypal situations in any culture.人类学家归因于进化的角色不是去阐述人类行为的细节而是施加限制，即那些在任何文化的原始状态中自然产生的有关感受、思维和行为的方式。12) My point is that its central consciousnessits profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on peoples livesowes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.我的观点是它的核心观点-即对人们生活有重要影响的关于阶级和性别的深刻理解-应该归因于那种早期的文学传承，即那种总体上没有被同时期文学批评家充分重视的文学传承。13) Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of lawnotwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concernedthat its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 伊斯兰法律是一个同其他法律形式完全不同的现象-尽管可能在设计到立法和主体等问题是它们相互之间可能有所重合是难以避免的-以至于为了对可能的法律现象做出充分理解，对它的研究是不可避免的。 14) A critique of Handlins interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 对关于为什么直到1660年代合法奴隶制度才出现的哈德林的解释的批评认为对奴隶制度和种族偏见之间关系的假设应当被重新检验，并且还认为对北部和南部美国黑人奴隶的不同待遇的解释应当被扩大化。15) A longheld view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .对后来成为美国的英国殖民地历史的一种长期观点认为在1763年之前针对这些殖民地的英国的政策是受商业利益驱使的，并且还认为在扩张主义军事目标的主导下，朝向更加压迫性的政策的变化产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张局面。16) Even the radical critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.甚至对这种主流研究模型的激进的批评，如在分裂的社会中所做出的，也讲种族同化的问题过于机械地归因于经济和社会的流动性因素，因而无法说明作为殖民地少数民族的波多黎各人的文化从属性。17) Open acknowledgement of the existence of womens oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoirs conclusion , that change in womens economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving womens situation , was particularly unacceptable .对女性受压迫的现状存在的公开承认对五十年代的美国来说太激进了，并且布发的结论，即女性经济条件的变化，尽管不能自给自足，但依然是改进女性状况的基本因素，这个结论是特别不能被接受的。1) However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.但是，最近的学术研究界强烈认为那些似乎看起来很具有清教徒特征的新英格兰文化的方面，比如强烈的宗教导向和交流的冲动，并不是作为整体而言的新英格兰的典型代表，而是局限于马萨诸塞和康丁尼克两个殖民地中。2) Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.但是，恩格斯预言说女性将从家庭的社会、法律和经济从属地位中被解放出来，这是通过使得公共行业中女性整体的加入成为可能的技术发展实现的。3) It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work， previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of dead-end jobs，thenceforth considered womens work.不是办公室技术的变化，而是从行政工作中秘书工作的分离，这过去被看做是成为经理的学徒阶段，产生了1880年代没有前途的新阶层，后来被称作女性工作。4) The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire. 在20世纪在家庭之外被雇佣的已婚女性数量的增加和这些女性休息时间的增加以及家庭劳务机械化的关系不大，更多是因为她们自身的经济需求，以及使得单身女性储备减少的高结婚率，这些女性过去是唯一能被雇佣的女性。 5) But the plays complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more contradictory than Du Bois famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity，or Fanons emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. 但是这个戏剧关于黑人自我尊重同人类团结互相兼容的复杂观点并不是矛盾的，就像dubois的著名的种族自我意识和人类团结的理想状态不矛盾一样，也像fanon关于包含了民族特色的国际主义理想状态一样不矛盾。6) If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thin