我的理想(6).doc

宾语从句与不定式（短语）的转换作者：刘世一文章来源：初中英语点击数：2059更新时间：2008-7-2宾语从句是英语学习中的重点、难点，也是中考的热点。宾语从句与不定式（短语）的转换是中考考点之一，现将应注意的问题归纳如下：1.【考题引导】A：They havent decided which camera they will choose.（2004年滨州）B：They havent decided which camera to choose. 【要点领悟】当主句谓语动词hope，agree，wish，decide，choose等后接that引导的宾语从句，并且该从句的主语与其主句的主语一致时，宾语从句可转换成不定式（短语）。如：A：The girl hopes that she can be a doctor some day.B：The girl hopesto be a doctor some day.A：Father decided that he would buy a new computer for me.B：Father decidedto buy a new computer for me.2.【考题引导】A：Do you know when we will visit the Great Wall?（2004年襄樊）B：Do you know when to visit the Great Wall? 【要点领悟】当主句谓语动词know，tell，forget，remember，learn，explain等后接疑问词（连接代词/副词）引导的宾语从句，且该从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，宾语从句可转换成“疑问词（连接代词/副词）+不定式（短语）”形式。如：A：We dont know what we should do next.B：We dont know what to do next.A：Jim told Lin Tao how he would spend the day.B：Jim told Lin Tao how to spend the day.3.【考题引导】A：Could you please teach me how I search the Internet? （2003年邢台）B：Could you please teach me how to search the Internet? 【要点领悟】当主句谓语动词tell，ask，show，teach等后接双宾语，且直接宾语是疑问词（连接代词/副词）引导的宾语从句（从句主语与主句的间接宾语一致）时，宾语从句可转换成“疑问词（连接代词/副词）+不定式（短语）”形式。如：A：Could you tell me how I can start the machine?B：Could you tell me how to start the machine?A：She asked me which skirt she should choose.B：She asked me which skirt to choose.注意：以上三种情况中，宾语从句的谓语多表示将来意义。4.【考题引导】A：We found that he was a clever boy.（2003年南京）B：We found him a clever boy.【要点领悟】suppose，feel，think，believe，find等后接的宾语从句可转换为含有不定式短语的复合宾语。1）宾语从句的主语转换成宾语，从句的谓语部分转换成宾语补足语的不定式短语“to be+形容词/名词”。如：A：I find that the plan is interesting.B：I findthe plan （to be） interesting.A：All of her friends suppose that she is a good student.B：All of her friends suppose her to be a good student.2.宾语从句“it is +形容词/名词+不定式短语”转换成“it（形式宾语）+形容词/名词（宾语补足语）+不定式短语（宾语）”的复合宾语。如：A：We find it is difficult to please her.B：We find it difficult to please her.A：I think it is my duty to take good care of my old parents.B：I think it my duty to take good care of my old parents.中学英语宾语从句语法讲解宾语从句歌诀宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。歌诀解码一、三姊妹宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：1.由that引导的宾语从句。如：We knew（that）we should learn from each other.2.由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如：Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.3.由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？二、三关1.引导词关如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。2.语序关陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：He is an honest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：Does he work hard？I wonder.I wonder if/whether he works hard.When did he leave？I dont know. I dont know when he left.3.时态关如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：I have heard（that）he will come back next week.如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.三、人称的变化和标点的使用1.从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：“May I use your knife？”He asked me. He asked me if he might use my knife.“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. He asked me if I know her telephone number.2.宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：Who will give us a talk？I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk.Do you know？Where does he live？Do you know where he lives？四、两副面孔if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：If it rains tomorrow，I wont come.（时间状语从句）I dont know if it will rain tomorrow.（宾语从句）五、从句的简化1.当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.2.当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths.3.在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词不定式”结构。如：Can you tell me how I can get to the station？Can you tell me how to get to the station？学习被动语态的几点注意作者：王会慈文章来源：中学英语园地点击数：480更新时间：2007-9-4谓语动词的语态一般分为主动语态和被动语态两种主动语态表示主语和谓语动词之间为主动关系,即主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语和谓语动词之间为被动关系,即主语是动作的承受者被动语态由“助动词be + 过去分词”构成, be有人称数和时态的变化1. 注意短语动词和含情态动词的被动结构短语动词往往被看作是一个整体,在被动结构中,动词后面的介词或副词不可丢掉例如:The old man was often laughed at. 那位老人常受人嘲笑Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻The old man is taken good care of in the hospital. 这位老人在医院得到很好的照顾2. 表示“据说”或“据信”意义的单词,如believe, consider, declare, expect, feel, report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等在无主语时常用被动形式例如:It is said that many laid-off workers have been re-employed. 据说很多下岗工人重新就业了It is reported that an earthquake happened around Taiwan Island and has caused a lot of damage. 据报道,台湾附近发生了地震,并且已造成了很大损失It is suggested that the old office building be torn down in two months. 据建议这座旧的办公楼过两个月就要拆除了It is taken for granted that the young should take care of the old. 年轻人照顾老人被视为是理所应当的It must be remembered that some chemicals in the lab are not touched by bare hands. 务必记住实验室的一些化学药品不要用手去触摸3. 注意下列情况不能用被动语态1) 不及物动词或不及物短语动词,如appear, die, disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等,没有被动形式例如:After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法要解决这一问题,只有在学习过程中多加留意,多积累2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或短语动词有fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等例如:This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只能配这把锁Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的相一致3) 系动词如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等,无被动语态例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错His plan proved (to be) practical. 结果证明他的计划是很实际的4) 带同源宾语的及物动词,如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等不能用于被动语态;后跟反身代词相互代词等作宾语的及物动词也不能用于被动语态例如:She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个噩梦4. 有些动词的主动形式表示被动意义1) 这些动词有wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write等例如:The plan worked out wonderfully. 这个计划制定得很好Your pen writes smoothly. 你的笔很好用2) blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等亦无被动形式例如:I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责Much work remains. 还有许多活儿要干Food can keep fresh in the bridge. 食品在冰箱里能保鲜The apartment rents for $500 a month. 这套房子每月租金为500美元The tension and excitement built gradually all day. 整整一天,紧张与兴奋的气氛越来越浓3) 在need, require, want, worth(形容词), deserve等后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义例如:The door needs repairing. (= The door needs to be repaired.) 门该修理了This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读4) 注意特殊结构,如make sb heard/understood(使别人能听见/理解自己)等的使用例如:Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话5. 有时被动形式也可以表示主动意义,如be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等例如:He was graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学注意:表示“同某人结婚”时用marry sb或get married to sb均可例如:He married a rich girl. (= He got married to a rich girl.) 他与一个富妞结婚了情态动词考点简析作者：杨道叶文章来源：中学英语园地点击数：318更新时间：2007-9-4情态动词是高考试题考查的热点之一,也是高中一年级的一个语法要点各种测试题常通过具体的语境来考查同学们对情态动词基本用法的理解和掌握情况现结合高考试题,将各个情态动词的意义和用法作一总结和简析,希望对同学们的英语学习有所帮助一 can和could1. 表示能力 (MET 1991) A computer _ think for itself; it must be told what to do.A. cant B. couldnt C. may not D. might not2. 表示请求或许可 (NMET 2006, ) We hope that as many people as possible_ join us for the picnic tomorrow.A. need B. must C. should D. can3. can表示“可能性”时,多用于疑问句和否定句; can用在否定句中,表示语气很肯定的否定推测 can用于疑问句和否定句中时还可以表示惊异怀疑不相信等态度 (NMET 2006, ) Theres no light onthey_be at home.A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt (2003上海) How_you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article?A. can B. must C. need D. may4. 用来客观地拒绝对方提出的建议,常译作“不可能”等 (NMET 1999) Will you stay for lunch?Sorry,_ . My brother is coming to see me.A. I mustnt B. I cant C. I neednt D. I wont5. could可用于语气不肯定的推测;此外, could与动词的现在完成时连用还可以表示某事过去本可能发生而实际上并未发生的情况 (2005广东) Ive taken someone elses green sweater by mistake.It_Harrys. He always wears green.A. has to be B. will be C. mustnt be D. could be (2005山东) He paid for a seat, when he_have entered free.A. could B. would C. must D. need6. 当表示经过一番努力才做成了某事时,英语中常用be able to表示这种事实,而不用could (NMET 1997) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_get out.A. had to B. wouldC. was able to D. could二 may和might1. 表示“可能性”常用于肯定句和否定句,一般不用于疑问句 (2005安徽) Helen_go on the trip with us, but she isnt quite sure yet.A. shall B. must C. may D. can2. might与动词的现在完成时连用,表示对过去发生的情况语气不太肯定的推测;此外,它还可以表示在过去某事本来可以发生而实际上并没有发生10 (MET 1990) He_you more help, even though he was very busy.A. might have given B. might giveC. may have given D. may give三 must1. 表示“必须”其否定式mustnt意为“禁止”11 (2006山东) May I smoke here?If you_ , choose a seat in the smoking section.A. should B. could C. may D. must12 (NMET 2005, ) Tom, you_leave all your clothes on the floor like this!A. wouldnt B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not2. 表示语气很肯定的推测,只用于肯定句13 (2005北京) He_have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside.A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant四 shall, should和ought to1. shall用于第二三人称的陈述句中,表示说话人的意志许诺警告命令等; shall用于一三人称的疑问句时,表示征询意见或提出建议等14 (2006北京) Whats the name?Khulaifi._I spell that for you?A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might15 (2004河南) Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.You_have my computer if you dont take care of it.A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt2. should/ought to表示“应该”3. should/ought to表示推测意义或可能性(常含有“按道理应该”)16 (2005上海) There_be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school.A. mustnt B. shant C. shouldnt D. neednt4. should/ought to与动词的现在完成时连用,表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上并未做;其否定式表示过去本来不应该做某事实际上却做了,含有责备的意味17 (2004福建) Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.You_her last week.A. ought to tell B. would have toldC. must tell D. should have told18 (2002上海春) Oh, Im not feeling well in the stomach. I_so much fried chicken just now.A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eatenC. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat五 will和would1. will表示意愿允诺或决定19 (NMET 2001春) Write to me when you get home._.A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can2. would可用在虚拟语气中, “would + 动词原形”表示与现在事实相反的假设; “would + have done”表