四川大学专业英语复习资料整理(有用)考试复试必备.doc

1. 专业词汇汉译英数据结构Data Structure计算机视觉Computer vision对象和类object and class软件需求Software Requirements软件工程Software Engineering计算机体系结构Computer Architecture构件component软件生存周期Software life cycle系统工程与分析System engineering and analysis软件需求分析Software requirement analysis软件设计Software design面向目标的设计Object-oriented design可维护性设计Maintainable design数据驱动的设计Data-driven design模块测试Module testing单元测试Unit testing边界条件Boundary condition综合测试，集成测试Integration testing功能测试Function testing性能测试Performance testing验收测试Acceptance testing安装测试Installation testing软件质量保证Software quality assurance软件标准Software standard软件维护Software maintenance性能管理Performance management联机查询Online inquires数据处理Data processing2. 缩略词ADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line非对称数字用户线AOLAmerican On-Line美国在线服务公司ALUArithmetic Logic Unit算术逻辑单元ARPAddress Resolution Protocol地址转换协议ATMasynchronons transfer mode异步传输模式ARPANETAdvanced Research Projects Agency Network美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网APIApplication Programming Interface应用程序编程接口BASICBeginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code初学者通用符号指令代码BOOMBinocular Omni-Orientation Monitor双目全方位监视器BCHBinary-coded hexadecimal二进制编码的十六进制BINACBinary Automatic Computer二进制自动计算机CASEcomputer-aided software engineering计算机辅助软件工程CD-ROMCompact Disc-Read Only Memory光盘只读存储器CMMCapability maturity model能力成熟度模型CMMControllable Memory Module可控存储组件CSMACarrier sense multiple access载波侦听多路访问CDMACode Division Multiple Access码分多址访问COBOLCommon Business-Oriented Language面向商业的通用语言CPUCentral Processing Unit中央处理器CRTCathode-ray tube阴极射线管CRCCyclical Redundancy Check循环冗余检查CRMCustomer Relationship Management客户关系管理C/SClient/Server客户机/服务器网络DODDepartment of Defense Model美国国防部模型DSLDigital Subscriber loop数字用户环路DSPDigital Signal Processing数字信号处理DDNDigital Data Network数字数据网DNSDomain name system域名系统DCEDistributed Computing Environment分布式计算环境DBMSDatabase Management System数据库管理信息系统DNSdomain name system域名系统DMADirect Memory Access直接存储器访问DODDepartment of Defense Model美国国防部模型DECDigital Equipment Corporation美国数字设备公司DVSTDirect-View Storage Tube直视存储管EDAEvent-driven Architecture事件驱动架构ERPEnterprise Resource Planning企业资源计划ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator and Computer电子数字积分计算机ENIAC计算机EDSACElectronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer延迟存储电子自动计算机FTPFile Transfer Protocol文件传输协议GPSGlobal Position System全球定位系统GPRSGeneral Packet Radio Service通用分组无线服务技术GBGiga Bytes十亿字节（吉字节）GUIGraphical User Interface即图形用户接口GMLGeneralized Markup Language通用置标语言3Gthird Generation wireless第三代无线通信GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communications全球移动通讯系统HMDhead-mounted display头盔显示器HTMLHypertext Markup Language超文本链接标示语言HTTPHyperText Transfer Protocol超文本传输协议HTTPSHypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer以安全为目标的HTTP通道ISPInternet Service Provider因特网服务供应商ISOCInternet Society国际互联网协会IABInternet Architecture Board因特网结构委员会IETFInternet Engineering Task Force互联网工程任务组IESGInternet Engineering Steering Group互联网工程指导小组ICANNInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers因特网域名与地址管理组织ICMPInternet Control Message Protocol网际控制报文协议IMAPInternet Mail Access Protocol因特网邮件访问协议IPInternet Protocol网际协议I/OInput/Output输入输出(设备)IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers电气和电子工程师协会ISOInternational Organization for Standardization国际标准化组织LSIlarge-scale intrgration大规模集成OSIOpen System Interconnect Reference Model开放式系统互联参考模型MPLSMulti-Protocol Label Switching多协议标记交换MPEGMoving Picture Experts Group动态图像专家组MP3Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer IIIMSIMedium-scale integration中规模集成MIDIMusical Instrument Digital Interface乐器数字接口MIMEMultipurpose internet mail extension多用途因特网邮件扩展协议NICNetwork Interface Card网络接口卡MPCMultimedia Personal Computer多媒体个人计算机MAEMetropolitan Area Exchange城域交换站NAPNetwork Access Point网络访问节点NATNetwork address translation 网络地址转换ODBCOpen Database Connectivity开放式数据库连接OMGObject Management Group对象管理组织OSOperating System操作系统OSIOpen System Interconnect开放式系统互联参考模型OOPObject-Oriented Programming面向对象的编程技术PSTNPublic Switch Telephone Network公共交换电话网PCBPrint Circuit Board印制电路PDAPersonal Digital Assistant个人数字助理PINPersonal identification number个人身份识别码PSTNPublic Switch Telephone Network公共交换电话网RISCReduced Instruction Set Computing精简指令集RFCRequest for comment请求说明CISCComplex Instruction set Computing复杂指令集计算技术RFIDRadio Frequency Identification无线射频识别（电子标签）RFIPSOAService-Oriented Architecture面向服务架构SoCSystem - on-a - Chip系统级芯片SOAPSimple Object Access Protocol简单对象访问协议SMTPSimple Mail Transfer Protocol简单邮件传输协议SGMLStandard Generalized Markup Language标准通用置标语言SSIsmall-scale intrgration小规模集成SSLSecurity Socket Layer加密套接字协议层TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol传输控制协议/网际协议UDDIUniversal Discovery Description and Integration通用描述发现和集成UMLUnified Modeling Language统一建模语言USBUniversal Serial Bus通用串行总线VLSIvery-large-scale intrgration极大规模集成VRMLThe Virtual Reality Modeling Language虚拟现实建模语言VRVirtual Reality虚拟现实WSNwireless sensor network无线传感器网络XMLExtensible Markup Language扩展标记语言XSLExtensible Style sheet Language可扩展样式表语言ULSIultra-large-scale intrgration超大规模集成UNIVACUniversal Automatic Computer通用自动计算机UMLUnified Modeling Language统一建模语言UDPUser Datagram Protocol用户数据报协议URLUniform Resource Locator统一资源定位VLSIVery Large Scale Integrated circuites超大规模集成电路W3CWorld Wide Web Consortium万维网联合会一 汉译英1声卡是一块印刷电路板，它能把数字信息译为声音，也能把声音变为数字信息，它插在母板(计算机主电路板)上的槽内（slot），而且通常连接一对喇叭(speaker)Audio card is a piece of printed circuit boards, which can translate digital information into voice, and it also can translate voice into digital information, (it is planted in the slot of the main board(the main computer circuit boards) it is always plugged into a slot on main_board and connected with a pair of speakers.2计算机是一种电子装置，它能接受一套指令或程序，并通过数据运算，或收集和联系其他形式的信息来执行该程序。Computer is a kind of electronic device which can receive(adopt) a set of instructions or procedures, and carry out the procedures through data computing(calculation), or collecting and contacting(association with) other form of information.3IT机构早在XML和Web Services出现之前就成功地编制和部署了SOA应用程序。不过他们用模块化、可重复用部件、面向对象编程或应用编程接口等术语来谈论这个过程。虽然它们中没有一个是与SOA完全相同的，但它们都包含了SOA的一些方面.IT institution had successfully established and worked out (deployed) the SoA applications before the appearance of XML and Web Services. But they discussed the process with modular and reusable components, object-oriented programming or application programming interface and other terms. Although none of them is identical with the SOA, all of them contain some aspects of the SOA.4本文提出了一种基于B/S架构的单点登录模型，为企业整合各种遗留系统提供了一种简单有效的单点登录方法。详细介绍了采用ActiveX控件和AD实现标准Windows应用（包括Ftp和Telnet）和B/S应用的单点登录的原理和方法。In this article, the author addressed a B/S structure(architecture) based single sign on model which provide a simple and effective single sign on method for enterprises to combine all kinds of legacy systems. The author introduced the theory and method of standard windows applications (including ftp and telnet) and B/S application single sign on model with ActiveX and AD in detail. 5今天，RFID标签开始出现在很多产品上，例如，全世界销售的大多数新汽车山都配备了嵌入RFID标签的钥匙，每个标签含有唯一的识别码。Today, RFID tags began to emerge in many products, for example, a majority of the new cars sold in the world come equipped with keys embedded with RFID tags that each contains a unique identifier. 6根据软件工程原理，软件开发被分为软件需求规格说明、软件总体设计、软件详细设计、单元编码与测试以及软件集成等阶段，其中软件需求分析是最关键的一个阶段。(According to)Under the principle of software engineering (theory), software development is divided into software requirements specification, software design, software detail design, unit coding and testing, as well as software integration periods, in which software requirements analysis is the most critical stage(important phase).7随着多媒体在高速网络中的应用，QoS组播路由问题成为越来越重要的研究课题。QoS组播路由在计算机网络中是著名的Steiner树问题，同时也是NP完全问题。本文提出了一种基于PBIL（Population-Based Incremental Learning）的QoS组播路由算法，能在满足带宽和时延约束条件下寻找代价最小的多播树。该算法有效地结合了遗传算法的进化特性与竞争学习算法的特点，采用预处理机制和基于路径的树编码结构，在网络规模较大的情况下也能得到很好的应用。最后仿真实验证明该算法快速有效。With the application of multimedia In high-speed network, QoS multicast(group broadcast) routing has become more and more important research topics. QoS multicast routing is the famous Steiner tree problem in the computer network, and it is NP-complete problems at the same time. In this paper, the author addressed a QoS multicast routing algorithm based on PBIL (Population-Based Incremental Learning), which can find the smallest cost multicast tree with the bandwidth and delay constraints conditions. This algorithm combined effectively evolutionary characteristics of genetic algorithms with the characteristics of competitive learning algorithm, based on the use of pretreatment mechanisms and path-based tree coding, which can be properly applied in large scale networks. The algorithm can be testified in the final simulation, which turned out to be quickly and efficient. 8UML是一种对软件中的制品进行可视化、规约、构造和文档化的语言,使用UML可以对系统的静态结构、动态行为进行可视化建模，而模型就是对现实的简化。UML使用多种图描述系统不同侧面，如用例图、活动图、类图、交互图、组件图和部署图等。随着软件系统的复杂性不断提高，可视化建模越来越重要，UML已经成为可视化建模的标准。UML is a kind of language which processes the visualization of the Statute, the structure and documentation for software products, the system can use the UML static structure, the dynamic behavior of visual modeling, and the model is the o simplification of reality. UML uses a variety of graphic describing different aspects of system, such as the use of case diagram(illustration), activity maps(chart), graphs, interactive maps, plans(module chart and deployment chart) and deployment of components such plans. With the continuously improving of the complexity in the software system, visual modeling becoming more and more important, UML has become the standard visual modeling.三英译汉1The development of IC made it possible for electronic devices to become smaller and smaller.集成电路的发展是电子器件可以做得越来越小2Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。3Packet switching is a method of slicing digital messages into parcels called “packets,” sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination.分组交换是传输数据的一种方法，它先将数据信息分割成许多称为“分组”的数据信息包；当路径可用时，经过不同的通信路径发送；当到达目的地后，再将它们组装起来4At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多5IP multicasting is a set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a network. IP多信道广播是使数据向网络中许多位置高效传送的一组技术6Behind this formal definition are three extremely important concepts that are the basis for understanding the Internet: packet switching, the TCP/IP communications protocol, and client/server computing.在这个正式的定义背后，隐含着三个极其重要的概念：分组交换、TCP/IP(传输控制协议/网际协议)通信协议和客户机/服务器计算技术，它们乃是理解因特网的基础7It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。8Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了9The way in which a number of processor units are employed in a single computer system to increase the performance of the system in its application environment above the performance of single processor is an organizational technique.将许多处理器组成单一的计算机系统，从而提高该系统在其运行环境中的性能，使其超过单个处理器的性能，这种方法称为组织技术。10N, which was established to aid Internet users in finding and sharing online music files known as MP3 files, is perhaps the most well-known example of peer-to-peer e-commerce, although purists note that Napster is only partially peer-to-peer because it relies on a central database to show which users are sharing music files.N建立的目标是帮助因特网用户发现并分享在线音乐文件，即人所共知的MP3文件。尽管纯化论者强调：因为它依赖中央数据库来显示哪一位用户正在分享音乐文件，所以Napster仅仅是部分对等。但Napster或许是对等电子商务最著名的实例11The proliferation of mobile computing devices and local-area wireless networks has fostered a growing interest in location-aware systems and services. In this paper we present RADAR, a radio-frequency (RF) based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings. RADAR operates by recording and processing signal strength information at multiple base stations positioned to provide overlapping coverage in the area of interest. It combines empirical measurements with signal propagation modeling to determine user location and thereby enable location-aware services and applications. We present experimental results that demonstrate the ability of RADAR to estimate user location with a high degree of accuracy.移动计算设备和本地区内的无线网络的增长已培养出了对位置感知系统和服务的越来越浓厚的兴趣。在这篇文章中我们讨论雷达，无线电频率（射频）系统，这套系统定位与跟踪建筑物内的用户。我们通过记录和处理的信号强度信息操作雷达，通过多基站定位，以提供重叠覆盖在该地区的定位信息。它结合基于经验的测量与信号传播模型，以确定用户的位置，从而提供位置感知服务和应用。我们目前的实验结果表明这样的雷达系统有能力以高度的准确性来估计用户的位置。12The proliferation of mobile computing devices and local-area wireless networks has fostered a growing interest in location-aware systems and services. A key distinguishing feature of such systems is that the application information and/or interface presented to the user is, in general, a function of his or her physical location. The granularity of location information needed could vary from one application to another. For example, locating a nearby printer requires fairly coarse-grained location information whereas locating a book in a library would require fine-grained information.移动计算设备和本地区内的无线网络的增长已培养出了对位置感知系统和服务的越来越浓厚的兴趣。一个重要特点是这类系统是应用信息和/或界面提交给用户，一般来说主要是他或她的物理位置。所需要的位置信息的粒度从一个应用到另一个来说可能是大不一样的。举例来说，寻找一台附近的打印机，需要相当粗粒度的位置信息，而在一个图书馆里定位的一本书，将需要细粒度信息。13While much research has focused on developing services architectures for location-aware systems (e.g., Maa97,Nel98), less attention has been paid to the fundamental and challenging problem of locating and tracking mobile users, especially in in-building environments. The few efforts that have addressed this problem have typically done so in the context of infrared (IR) wireless networks. The limited range of an IR network, which facilitates user location, is a handicap in providing ubiquitous coverage. Also, the IR network is often deployed for the sole purpose of locating people and does not provide traditional data networking services. To avoid these limitations, we focus on RF wireless networks in our research. Our goal is to complement the data networking capabilities of RF wireless LANs with accurate user location and tracking capabilities, thereby enhancing the value of such networks.14而这方面的研究主要重点集中在了为位置感知系统（例如， Maa97，Nel98 ）开发服务体系结构，不大注意一些根本性和具有挑战性的问题如定位与跟踪移动用户，尤其是一个封闭性的建筑环境内的用户。由于帮助用户定位红外网络使用范围的局限性，在提供无所不在的覆盖面上来说是一个缺陷。此外，红外网络往往是只被部署来定位用户的，而没有提供传统的网络数据服务。为了避免这样的局限性，我们专注于研究射频无线网络。我们的目标是为实现基于射频无线局域网的网络数据和准确的用户定位和跟踪能力，从而提高网络的使用价值。15In this paper, we present RADAR, an RF-based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings. RADAR uses signal strength information gathered at multiple receiver locations to triangulate the users coordinates. Triangulation is done using both empirically-determined and theoretically computed signal strength information.在本论文中，我们讨论雷达射频系统，这套系统定位与跟踪建筑物内的用户。雷达利用聚集在多个接收地点的信号强度信息，以得到用户三维定位坐标。这个坐标是根据基于经验和从理论上计算出信号强度的信息来确定的。16 Our experimental results are quite encouraging. With high probability, RADAR is able to estimate a users location to within a few meters of his/her actual location. This suggests that a large class of location-aware services can be built over an RF local-area wireless data network.我们的实验结果很鼓舞人心。雷达能高效率地估计一个用户的位置，而这个位置只和他/她的实际位置只相差数米的距离。这表明，大量的位置感知服务可以部署在基于射频的无线数据网络上。17The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we survey related work in location determination technologies. In Section 3, we discuss our research methodology. Section 4 contains the core of the paper where we present and analyze the empirical and the signal propagation modeling methods. A discussion of extensions to the base RADAR system appears in Section 5. Finally, we present our conclusions in Section 6.本文的其它部分的组织结构如下：在第2节中，我们纵览关于位置测定的技术。在第3节中，我们讨论研究的方法。而论文第4节的核心内容在于分析经验性的和信号传播的建模方法。关于基地雷达系统的扩展讨论出现在第5节。最后，我们在第6节中得出我们的结论。18 In this paper, we have presented RADAR, a system for locating and tracking users inside a building. RADAR is based on empirical signal strength measurements as well as a simple yet effective signal propagation model. While the empirical method is superior in terms of accuracy, the signal propagation method makes deployment easier. We have shown the despite the hostile nature of the radio channels, we are able to locate and track users with a high degree of accuracy. The median resolution of the RADAR system is in the range of 2 to 3 meters, about the size of a typical office room. Our results indicate that it is possible to build an interesting class of location-aware services, such as printing to the nearest printer, navigating through a building, etc., on an RF wireless LAN, thereby adding value to such a network. This, we believe, is a significant contribution of our research. Our eventual plan is to combine location information services with the RADAR system and deploy this within our organization.在这篇文章中，我们已经介绍了雷达RADAR:一种基于射频的室内用户定位和跟踪系统。雷达是基于经验性的信号强度测量以及一个既简单又有效的信号传播模型。而实验法在精度上是非常高的，信号传播的方法使部署更加容易。我们已经证明了，尽