中西饮食文化差异英文版.doc

中西饮食文化差异In the cultural differences/blog/static/59429196200921914530308/American table manners 美国的餐桌礼仪edit Table Layout 布局* Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. 主菜盘左边是面包盘，右边是饮料杯* Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert. 沙拉叉，刀和汤匙比主菜刀，叉，勺离主菜盘远。甜品餐具要么放在主菜盘上，要么装着甜品。edit General Behavior 普通行为* Chew with your mouth closed. 咀嚼东西的时候要闭上嘴。* Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.不要大声说话。* Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. 在桌旁避免咳嗽，打喷嚏或扭鼻涕。* Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. 在桌旁永远不要倾斜你的椅子，或在其他任何时候。* Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. 在吃东西的时候不要发出不雅观的噪音。* Do not play with food or table utensils. 不能玩食物和餐具。* Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. 不挑出或责骂那些缺少餐桌礼仪的客人。* Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch.不要将你的手肘放在桌上或弯腰驼背。* Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table.在离开餐桌前总要向男主人或女主人请示。* Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. 不要凝视着正在吃东西的人。* Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned. 不能在用餐时打电话。如果急，问主人离开一下，到外面聊，返回再道歉。edit Utensils 餐具* Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, French fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. 不要用手拿食物吃，除非你正在吃通常需要用到手吃的食物，如面包，薯条，鸡翅，比萨等* The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion - either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) 叉可能被用成美洲式的（当切东西时左手用叉，拿起和食东西时换右手用叉）或欧洲式的（叉一直放在左手）。现在两种都可以接受的。（见用叉礼仪）* The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth.叉子的作用是把任何固体食物送到嘴巴。* The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. 当不使用时，刀锋应放在你的盘子的边缘。锋刀应该总是面对向侧。* When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. 当你喝完了汤，勺将放置在小碟上，不能放在碗里* Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her na-pkin on his or her lap 让你的餐巾放在膝盖上。在更多的正式场合，食客们会先等主人们把餐巾放在他或他的大腿以后，在把自己的餐巾放在自己的大腿上。* When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a bib napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. 当吃烧烤或其他一些零碎的食物，如碎螃蟹肉，可能需要为成人提供围嘴的餐巾。通常这些食物需用手去吃，应用湿纸巾或纸餐巾去擦干净手。* When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show.当使用餐巾纸时，不能有起球或污渍显现出来。 * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.) 从外到内围着主菜盘来使用你的餐具。（沙拉叉，刀和汤匙比主菜刀，叉，勺离主菜盘远。甜品餐具要么放在主菜盘上，要么装着甜品。）edit Dining 进餐* A prayer or blessing may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a toast may be offered。祈祷或“祝福”或许会常常在一些家庭中出现，客人应跟随参加即使他们没有任何信仰或者不是信奉相同的宗教，大部分人在饭前都随着主人带引下进行祈祷，除此之外还要附加提供吐司。* Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those that have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. 千万不要没等宾客被款待或者那些没有需求被服务的客人就餐前就进食 ，大多数正式场合都是等男主人或女主人拿起叉或者汤匙之后才开始进食的 * When a dish is presented family style, the food is served to ones plate and then passed on to the next person. Put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. 当介绍家庭风格，由你的左边开始。提供食物都是由你左边开传递，一个接一个。* When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. 服务开始时，一般从左边上菜，从右边拿走，上饮料却是两边都可以提供，但拿掉也只能从右边。* Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. 喝汤时不要发出声音，应该面向勺子的方向。* Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. 咖啡或茶绝不应该倒入碟冷却，但应该从杯喝着。另外，冰可能只用来冷却使用。* Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef. 在用餐品尝前先调味会被认为是粗鲁无礼，那可能会侮辱到厨师。edit At the end of the meal 用餐结束* It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. 大多情况下没有食完自己盘子上的食物是可以接受的。* When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 oclock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. 用餐完毕后，把你的刀放置在4点钟的位置并将叉的齿位向下，表示你用餐完毕。* Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner. 除了在公共餐厅，不要要求带一些你的剩下食品，尤其是正式的晚宴edit British table manners 英国餐桌礼仪* The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. 叉放在左手，刀放右手。* You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. 你应该把你的刀手柄放在你的手掌和你的叉放在另一只手并叉插头应向下* If youre eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. 如果你吃了甜点，你的叉（如果有）应放在左手而用右手拿勺。* When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. 当喝汤时，你应该保持勺子放在你的右手而碗离你远一点，因为舀汤时你必须亲自去做。* It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. 使用手指在桌子上吃饭或推到你的叉子食物是不能接受的。然而，吃些食品，你可用在食一些食物例如水果，三明治，汉堡包，薯片，炸薯条或比萨时用你的手指。* If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. 如果有一定数量的刀和叉，那你应该开始从外面开始动手，就像每个课程都有自己的规定。* Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. 饮料应该始终放在你盘子的右边，面包卷到左边。* When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. 吃面包时，涂擦奶油前先截一小块，用你的刀用为面包涂擦奶油而不是将它切断。* You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. 在主人不指示您前不要擅自开始进餐。在较大的饭局，它被认为可以开始进食一旦别人已经被招待。* When youre finished, place your knife and fork together at five oclock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. 当你用餐完后，放置在你的刀和叉在五点钟方向一起上与你的左（齿朝上），并在右边放刀，这样就表示你已经进餐完毕。* Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. 餐巾应该永远不会被搞砸了。它也不应被折叠整齐，因为这样会建议您的主人可能不打算清洗一遍而再用 只要整洁而宽松地放在那里。* Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. 不要用餐巾擦你的鼻涕。而应该放在你的腿上，当你食得有点脏时用它来轻拍你的嘴。* It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. 在餐桌上聊电话被认为是不礼貌的事。如果你需要接一个紧急的来电，请求自已并到外面。* Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. 请主人许求，如果你需要离开餐桌。你应该把你的餐巾纸放在座位上，直到你回来。* If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight oclock and your knife at four oclock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. 如果你必须离开餐桌或休息时，叉应在八点钟位置，刀放在四点钟位置（用刀片向内）。一旦一个餐具已被使用，它不应该接触碰一次* The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. 食物应用叉送到你的嘴，你应该坐直并不对着你的碟前倾。* Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left.食物从右面开始上菜，从右边撤离。除非你盘中的食物放在桌上，就应该从左侧到达 * Drinks should be served from the right.饮料从右面提供。* Never lean across somebody elses plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. 切勿横过别人的盘子。如果你需要某些东西通过，需要请求离你最近的人。如果你有要通过的东西，只能让它通过，如果你是最近的人，并通过它直接给他们，如果你可以。* Salt & pepper should be passed together. 盐和胡椒应一起被传递* Do not take food from a neighbors plate and dont ask to do so. 不要夹旁人盘的食物，也不要请求这样做。* You must not put your elbows on the table. 你不能把你的胳膊肘放在桌上* If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbors before serving yourself. 如果为自己倒饮料，请先倒你旁边的人喝。* If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. 如果额外的食物在桌子上，在你品尝前先问别人是否也想品尝。* When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. 当咀嚼食物，闭上你的嘴，你要先吞了下去才可说话。* Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. 在食更多或饮饮料前先食完已有的食物。* Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too.吃东西时不应有嘴啜声或吃东西时不要太大声。在餐桌上打嗝或打喷嚏也应该避免。 * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails.不要用你的手指去挑牙齿里的食物。 * Try to eat all the food you are served. 试着吃所有提供的食品* Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. 杯子用葡萄酒杯或其它有柄的杯举起时应抓着它的柄。* Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say please and thank you. 始终记住“有规律”的礼仪。记得说“请”和“谢谢”edit Chinese table manners 中国餐桌礼仪These are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. 这些大多关注的是使用筷子。另外，一般中国餐桌礼仪较为非正式的，在其他文化中被认为无礼貌的边吃吃说在这可能可以接受但最好不要这样做* Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, 筷子必须始终以正确使用。应用拇指和右手的手指拿筷子，* Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolize argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. 筷子是传统上只在右手，即使是左撇子也一样。虽然使筷子的人左右手都有，少数仍然认为左手拿筷子的使用不当礼仪。一个用于认为这种用法不当的解释，是可以论证的，因为惯用左手和惯用右手的人的筷子可能会碰到一起。* When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of ones own chopsticks to transfer food. 当用公筷分享供应盘的食物，使用自己的筷子夹起共享盘子里的食物或使用公用筷子夹来吃被认为是不礼貌。除了在亲密的家庭晚餐中只有家属，可能不需要公筷。* It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. 使用普通筷子夹食物到自己的菜盘子或碗被认为是不礼貌的。必须使用公筷代替* Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. 永远不要把你的筷子放周边，则对扩展你的手势或将移动你的碗，会砰到他们，* Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. 决定好如何用筷子夹食物。不能翻食物。当你拿起一个食物，千万不要把它放回盘子* When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fish balls may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. 当拿起一块食物，永远不会使用筷子的技巧，可以用筷子捅过食物夹来吃，或用叉子。例外情况包括撕裂较大的食物，如蔬菜，樱桃番茄，鱼丸可能会刺伤，可以使用是叉* Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on ones plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. 筷子要放置在与盘子或碗水平，让它们闭合。* Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. 永远不要把筷子捅竖放在碗里。任何棍状物体朝上类似于香枝，在亚洲人识为，死者家属才这样做。这被认为是在餐桌上最失礼的。* Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. 中国传统吃的左手持一小碗米饭。从饭碗被提升到嘴，用筷子把饭夹进口。勺子用来盛米饭。如果大米是在盘子里，拇指必须始终高于碗的边缘* It is acceptable to tran