中西日常交际礼仪的差异 -毕业论文.doc

【标题】中西日常交际礼仪的差异 【作者】莫泽平 【关键词】文化差异交际方式跨文化交流 【指导老师】何远秀 【专业】英语教育 【正文】1. IntroductionWith the increasing interconnections and the accelerating process of globalization between different cultures, Human lives and works more close than before. They found it is difficult to understand one another. Thats because the culture differences have a negative influence on our daily life.Confucian said“Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.” 1 With the rapid development of science and technology, the world is becoming increasingly into a global village. Cultural communion and convergence are powerful trends. We are living in a world full of differences. Humans need to learn to modify their different language behaviors to meet the demands of new situation. Learning to communicate in another culture, therefore, means learning that cultures nonverbal signals as well. It becomes imperative that we cannot easily try to interpret messages of others with our own frames of reference. Some nonverbal aspects of communication are considered to be universal across culture, while others are quite cultural specific in interpretation of meaning. If we fail to know this, it will inevitably cause conflicts or failures to understanding or interpreting correctly when two different cultures encounter one another. The daily society etiquette and the human civilization were born at the same time. It is including appellation, greeting, intro, the use of card, thanks and responses, ladies first and appointment and visiting, etc. Appellation is necessary in our daily life, greeting play an importance role in daily intercommunion. Intros always use between two or more people and they doesnt know each other. The use of cards can show peoples status to other people. We always use“Thank you.” Or“It doesnt matter!” in daily life when appreciation or apology. This is Thanks and response. Ladies first is a tradition in west just like the elder man who is supposed to get special respect in China. It means the ladies would be first served in public. Appointment and visit is the best way to accelerate sensation.In the following, we will discuss the discrepancy of Chinese and Western daily society etiquette, especially America. And analyzes the importance of culture context in society etiquette between Chinese and Western country; discusses the differences of the two cultures; problems and tentative solutions.This thesis is mainly discusses what are the culture and etiquette. And analyze the discrepancy of Chinese and Western daily social etiquette.2.Culture and EtiquetteCulture is a word that we often hear, read and talk about, is a large and important part of our everyday lives. It is our beliefs, values, behaviors, and material objects that create our way of life. It is human nature. Recognizing and understanding cultural differences provides individuals with a framework for interpreting the goals and behaviors of others. Culture is likely to establish strong expectations about the type of relation that will be created, the goals that the parties are working towards and how the conflicts will be resolved. Unless human beings are not able to step out of their culture, they remain imprisoned within it and to absolutist it, imagine it to be the only natural or self-evident way to understand and organize human life. They cannot communicate with each other freely. So if you communicate with members of your own culture, it is easy for you understand and use the cultural rules that prescribe the behavior within that context, and you are able to communicate without much thinking about those rules. But when you take part in daily society, it is necessary that you know not only ones own culture rules but also the culture rules used by the person with whom you are communicating. Etiquette is the rules of politeness and correct behaviors, which is defined as those rules that govern social behavior, and they include socially acceptable rules of behavior to be used by all members of a given society on every social interaction. These are not legal rules and they dont have to be followed(many just dont!), but it is these rules that help to keep order in society. Often times, when the rules of etiquette are neglected, it can lead to not only anger, but also can lead to criminal responses. If we want a peaceful world environment every single member of a society including children should learn the etiquette of their surrounding environment.The relation between Etiquette and Culture is close. If you want to know the other nations etiquette, we need to know the background and the culture of a nation.3. Daily Society Etiquette3.1 AppellationAs we know, there is more chance for us to communication with foreigners since China opened to the world, and there are many differences in appellation ways between the East and the West.The appellation is a way for people how to call each other in daily life. Appellation is important as well as frequent in social interaction. Proper appellation is important for effective communication and successful maintenance of interpersonal relationships. Though usually short, they are rather sensitive to the communication and in most cases they are the first to be used to begin a conversation. They can be used to address persons in speech or writing, which can convey the speakers feelings and intentions, and to mark and change the social relationship between participators.The appellation let people know each other degree, figure and both relationship. The Western and Chinese people have two kinds of personal names-a surname and a given name. But the uses of these two names in two languages are little different. In China,when we call the family members, relatives or, always call“da ge(大哥)”,“san jie(三姐)”,“da sao(大嫂)”,“nai nai(奶奶)”and so on. And often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect. Such as jingcha shushu(警察叔叔)，hu shi a yi(护士阿姨). The Chinese tend to abide by the polite principle of depreciating oneself and respecting others to show appropriate respects towards the persons being called. But in English speaking countries, more and more people have a tendency to follow the reciprocal or symmetrical appellation. Although they are different in age and status, they can call the other directly, namely, even first names-Jack, Peter, Tom, etc. This is especially common among Americans; even people meet for the first. In western they always call strangers with“Madame” or“gentleman”. And call the femaleMiss” whose age is less than thirty.”Madam” or“Lady” is used for the married female. 2 In an informal situation, westerners will introduce each other by first name without titles, but sometimes by just the last name. If you are introduced to somebody by first name, you can call him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the Middle school president or foreigner. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed using their title and last name(e.g.,Professor Peter). From the standpoint of society linguistic, forms of addressing can be served as an indication of the relationship of power and solidarity in the society.In China, One of the most conventional ways to appellation is simple to say his/her name, perhaps adding a term of respect. For instance, a person is teacher and his name is Zhang san, his student should call him Mr. Zhang or Teacher Zhang, etc. This type of appellation may give an American an impression that the Chinese person is preparing to ask a question or make a comment.for example, on hearing“ Prof. smith,” the Americanresponses is likely to be“Yes?” of course no question or comment is forthcoming because this is only a appellation.3 What cause the difference of appellation between China and West? The answer is cultural difference. We know our Chinese pay attention to emotion, human interest. But western people pay much attention to individuals.3.2 GreetingGreetings are important as well as frequent in daily society all over the world. Proper greeting behavior is important for us to establish and keep interpersonal relationships.When people meet friends or acquaintances, they usually greet with each other.The purpose of greeting is to establish or maintain social contact. So salutations are the most common tools of communication in peoples daily life。The contents of English and Chinese salutations are divided into the following statements:(1) All-time salutations,(2) Real-time salutations,(3) Seasonal salutations,(4) Introductory salutations,(5) Ceremonial salutations,All-time salutations refer to those, which are constrained in usage by the time. It means that all-time salutations can be used any day and at any time of the day.In English, there is“Hello!”“Hi”,“How are you”, etc. But in China, we say:你/您好！（Hello）.Real-time salutations are those used in close relation to the time of the day: each of them can only be used at a specific time of the day accordingly. They are“Good Morning!”“Good afternoon!” Good evening!” in English and“你/您早!(Good morning!)”“早上好!(Good morning!)” in Chinese. 4Seasonal salutations are used only on some special day, including festivals, such as Christmas, New Years Day. In English, there is“Happy New Year!”“Merry Christmas!” In Chinese, there are also“新年好！(Happy New Year!)”, etc.Introduce salutations are used when two persons are introduced to each other. In English“How do you do?” is the counterpart of“初次见面，幸会，幸会！”and“久仰，久仰！” in Chinese.Ceremonial salutation is used on birthdays, wedding ceremonies, house-warming parties and other occasions. There are“Happy birthday!”“Congratulations!” in English and“生日快乐！”(Happy birthday!),“恭喜，恭喜!(Congratulations!”) in Chinese and so on.Generally Americans are apt to use the verbal salutation, so Americans always sayHi orHow are you? But people who are strangers say,How is it going? due to inexperience with this greeting, most Chinese people who come to America first are confused whether they should respond or not. As a result, they think Americans are friendly, refreshing, or sociable.In these days in china more and more people, especially those living in urban areas, tend to use（你/您好）which is close to“How are you?” Or“Hello!” but some traditional ways of salutation in China differ a lot from English greeting. The typical Chinese greeting is literality“where are you going?” or“Have you eaten?” In fact, it is not a really question for us, but only a way of greeting.5In a word, although the salutation is one of the simplest human communications, both countries have different methods of salutation. Even the simplest communication is quite different because of culture. The first impression of the salutation is very important because some people distinguish whether this person is good or not. In other words, people who live in other countries have to obey a method of salutation in each country. 3.3 IntroIntro is the basic fashion of understands each other in daily society. It can shorten the distance between people. It is the base to converse and understand other people. There are two manners for self-introduction and introduce others.First, self-introduction is the basic manner of communication, understand other people, and establish friendship with other people in daily society. Rightly use the self-introduction, not only can enlarge social cycle, make friends with all corners of the land, but also help to introduce yourself and clear the air, reduce trouble. Self-introduction often be used in the following cases:1. When apply for a job.2. When go to school.3. Get alone with stranger in social communication.4. Discover stranger interest in you in society occasion5. Demanded to do self-introduction by strange in society occasion.6. If you want to recognize stranger in party.7. Interview.After understand how to use self-introduction, we must know what we should pay attention to self-introduction.If you want to do a successful self-introduction, you need to know the following aspects:1. Pay attention to opportunity and contents. Youd better do self-introduction on the proper occasion. The content you want to say are concision. Moreover, you can use business card to help to introduce yourself.2. Pay attention to comportment. When you do self-introduction need to keep spontaneous ness, friendliness and kindness.3. Reality and avoid singing ones own praises.Second, Give introduction oneself to other, its necessary to introduce at the following aspects:1. Run into colleague or friend when outgoing with families.2. Take in strange guest or visitor at home or in company.3. Plan on introduce somebody into some social loop.4. Be invited to help somebody introduce other. 6 In China, when people meet each other at the first time, they always do greeting and then do self-introduction. For example, one says:“我叫张三。”the other one will say:“我叫李四。”sometimes people is afraid of others cant understand and clear the idea about your introduction, then you need add some information that:“张是弓长张。” In West, when people do self-introduction, they always tell people his/her name,For instance:“My name is Peter, Im a student and come from America.” In England, people know each other always need another people helps to introduce or give a letter introduction. When introduce, they obey these rules: introduce the younger to the older people, introduce men to women, and introduce the low degree to the high degree. Otherwise, when use the letter introduction; the letter must be clear and simple. Different country has different culture, including the way of introduction. So, it is necessary for us to know the difference between China and Western countries. We can introduce others or ourselves properly.3.4 The use of cardAt the first, let me introduce the types of cards, it include personal visiting card, family visiting card and business cards. We will pay attention to discuss business cards.1. Personal visiting card usually features the persons full name and, sometimes, his or her patronymic or initials, depends on his or her image, age, and cultural conventions. It may also include additional contact such as the persons address, telephone or pager number, e-mail etc. it always be used in public. 2. Family visiting card is actually a subtype of the personal one. It is used for acquaintances, for sending greetings to family friends or can be attached to the present. It is necessary to remember that in such a card the wifes name must precede the husbands, while the familys address is not essential.3. Business cards are an indispensable attribute to the modern business communication that starts with their exchange. Business cards become particularly significant in the communication with foreigners who do not speak your language. Your business card must, therefore, clearly state your full name(patronymic included if necessary), the name of your company or organization, your position, full postal address and other essential information. Your companys logotype will also be quite relevant here. Business cards of state and government officials as well as members of parliament in this case can feature national flag or emblem.Business card is a small card printed or engraved with a persons name and business affiliation, including such information as title, address, and telephone number. Business card contains many useful information of a person. Its very common for two person to exchange business cards at their first meet.It becomes more important to conserve and manage the business cards when the cards help by persons become more and more. There are three main types of visiting cards- business, personal and family cards. Sometimes cards may also be combined with business and personal information and in that case they are called mixed. Because cards as a convenient, useful communication tool. In recent years more and more people use it more frequently and widely. Now there is some information about the function of business card:Business card can indicate your rank, title, official responsibilities, telephone, telex, and fax numbers, and your e-mail. If your telephone number has changed, it is acceptable to cross it out and write a new one beside it in hand. However, it is unacceptable to do the same if your position has changed. In this case you should order a new business card as soon as possible. Business cards cannot go without an address with an exception of those belonging to diplomats and statesmen of the highest rank. If your address is changing and you do still do not know your new telephone number you should indicate the address of your company and the telephone number of reception or registry office there. If a company or institution has several branch offices its representatives can indicate several addresses on their business cards. The business cards of shop assistants, various clerical officers etc., having both informational and advertising function, can depart from the conventional style. On the reverse side of these cards you can sometimes find a small topographic plan, a photo of the companys director, a colorful emblem, or the companys motto.In China, ask for the business card on ones own initiative can show ones respect for others, whereas the behavior is insolent. Chinese businesses cards are simple, western business cards usually have some French words in the card. It on behalf of the following meaning: 1. p.p(Pour presentation): It means Introduction. 2. p.c(pour condoleance): It means Good-bye. 3.p.f.n.a( pour feliciter lenouvel