amazon rainforest 亚马逊丛林ppt课件

ByLaura Lydia AmazonRainforest TheAmazonRainforestcoversoverabillionacres encompassingareasinBrazil Venezuela ColombiaandtheEasternAndeanregionofEcuadorandPeru IfAmazoniawereacountry itwouldbetheninthlargestintheworld TheAmazonRainforesthasbeendescribedasthe LungsofourPlanet becauseitprovidestheessentialenvironmentalworldserviceofcontinuouslyrecyclingcarbondioxideintooxygen Morethan20percentoftheworldoxygenisproducedintheAmazonRainforest http www mindfully org Air 2005 Amazon Rainforest Hurricanes1oct05 htm TheclimateintheAmazonianrainforestiswarmandhumidandtheaveragetemperatureintheareaisabout79degreeFahrenheit Oneoftheprominentfeaturesofthisareaisthedifferencebetweenthetemperatureduringthedayandduringthenightisgreaterthanthatofthedifferencebetweentheseasons TheAmazonrainforestconsistsfourlayersandeachlayerhasitsuniqueecosystemandplantsandanimalsareadaptedtothat Thetallestlayeriscalledtheemergentlayer whichhastreesofapproximately200feetinheight Theotherlayeriscanopywhichhassmoothovalleavesandhavepointeddriptip Thismakestheflowofwatereasyandpreventingthegrowthofmossesandfungi Thelayerbelowthecanopylayerisabletogetonly5percentofsunlightandplantsofthislayerareuniquelyadaptedtosurviveintheshadowylayer Thelowestlayeristheforestfloorandisalmostwithoutanyplant Only2percentofsunlightreacheshere Picturefrom EnergyFlow TheenergyflowintheAmazonrainforestwithsunlightandwaterisverydifferentfromanyotherbiome Becausethetropicalrainforestreceivessomuchsunlightandrainfall plantsgrowtobebigger taller andstrongerthanplantsinanyotherbiome Plantsbecomingverylargepreventmostsunlightfromreachingthebottomlayeroftherainforest Asshowninthediagrambelow 100 oftherainfallreachestherainforest 50 ofthatrainfallisconsumed 25 ofitevaporates andtheother25 ofitissurfacerunoff Thisrainfallcycleknownasthewatercyclecontinueseverydayandproducedrainfallandwatertotheplantsandanimalsofthetropicalrainforestbiome EnergyFlow PrecipitationAaveragetropicalrainforestrecievesmorethan150cmofrainayear Thisisalmost1 8ofaninchperday Althoughtherainforestrecieveslargeamountsofrain notallofitmakesittotheforestfloor Infact lessthan30 oftherainfallreachestheforestground Thetropicalrainforestloses25 ofincomingrainwaterbyevaporation 25 ofrainfallsontotheleavesand40 ofitrunsdownthebarksoftreetrunks Seasonsinatropicalrainforestarenotdepictedbythetypeofweatherbutbytheamountofrainfall Inthechartshownbelow MarchisthemostrainiestmonthforpartoftheAmazoninManausBrazilwithabout325mmofrainfall JamesD Nations 17202161 http www dartfrog co uk amphibians html Thepoisondartfrogisacreatureyoumightfindcuteifyoufounditinthewildbutjusttouchingthislittleguycanputyouinharmsway Unlikemostfrogs thesespeciesareactiveduringthedayandoftenexhibitbrightly coloredbodies Mostspeciesofpoisondartfrogsaresmall sometimeslessthan1 5centimetres 0 59in inadultlength Theyweighabout2grams Mostpoisondartfrogsarebrightlycolored displayingaposematicpatternstowarnpotentialpredators Theirbrightcolorationisassociatedwiththeirtoxicityandlevelsofalkaloids http en wikipedia org wiki Poison dart frog Poisondartfrog Soundfrom http www worldwildlife org what wherewework amazon species html Poisondartfrogsaresocialanimals andtypicallyliveinsmallgroups Thesegroupstypicallyconsistofuptoeightindividuals althoughcaptivedendrobatidscanbekeptinlargergroupsthanthat Theseanimalsseemtobecommunalforadditionalprotection aswellasreproductivepurposes Juvenilestendtokeeptothecentreofthesegroups withthemoretoxicadultstowardstheedgesofthegroups Themembersofthesegroupsoccasionallysquabbleoverfood howevertheyrarelyinflictharmupononeanother http en wikipedia org wiki Poison dart frog Howlermonkeysrangeinsizefrom56to92cm excludingtheirtailwhichcanbeequallyaslong LikemanyNewWorldmonkeys theyhaveprehensiletails Howlermonkeysgenerallymovequadrupedallyonthetopsofbranches usuallygraspingabranchwithatleasttwohandsoronehandandthetailatalltimes Theyhavestrongprehensiletailswhichareabletosupportthemonkey sentirebodyweight http en wikipedia org wiki Howler monkey Howlermonkey Soundform http www worldwildlife org what wherewework amazon species html Astheirnamesuggests vocalcommunicationformsanimportantpartoftheirsocialbehavior Theyhaveanenlargedbasihyalorhyoidbonewhichhelpsthemmaketheirloudvocalizations Groupmalesgenerallycallatdawnandduskaswellasinterspersedtimesthroughouttheday Themainvocalsconsistofloud deepgutturalgrowlsor howls Howlermonkeysarewidelyconsideredtobetheloudestlandanimal AccordingtoGuinnessBookofWorldRecords theirvocalizationscanbeheardclearlyfor3miles 4 8km Itishypothesizedthatthefunctionofhowlingrelatestointergroupspacingandterritoryprotection aswellaspossiblymate guarding http en wikipedia org wiki Howler monkey http photos wildmadagascar org images giraffenecked weevil 0109 shtml GiraffeneckedWeevilPrimaryconsumer http www bodine phila k12 pa us herbstritt index html HarpyEagleTertiaryconsumer PoisondartfrogSecondaryconsumer GrassPrimaryproducersu Foodchain Manyfrogs likethepoisondartfrogandtheGaudyLeafFrog inrainforeststhroughouttheworldshowcommensalismwithvermiliad arain forestplantthatgrowsclosetothegroundonorneartrees andotherplantsintherainforests Thefrogsbenefitbyusingtheleavesofthevermiliadasshelterfromsunandrain Thevermiliadisunaffectedbythefrogs Vermiliad http www discoverlife org mp 20p see I KMC63 Commensalism Symbiotic Relationships Brazilnuttrees Bertholletiaexcelsa aredependentonseveralanimalspeciesfortheirsurvival TheselargecanopytreesfoundintheAmazonrainforestrelyontheagouti aground dwellingrodent forakeypartoftheirlifecycle Theagoutiistheonlyanimalwithteethstrongenoughtoopentheirgrapefruit sizedseedpods WhiletheagoutieatssomeoftheBrazilnut sseeds italsoscatterstheseedsacrosstheforestbyburyingcachesfarawayfromtheparenttree Theseseedsthengerminateandformthenextgenerationoftrees Forpollination BrazilnuttreesaredependentonEuglossineorchidbees Withouttheselarge bodiedbees Brazilnutreproductionisnotpossible Agouti Brazilnutpods Brazilnuttree Mutualism Whentheantsareoutcollectingleaves theyareatriskofbeingattackedbythephoridfly aparasiticpestwhichlayeggsintothecrevicesoftheworkerantshead Oftenaminimwillsitontheworkerantandwardoffanyattack Also Escovopsisishighlyvirulentandhasthepotentialtodevastateanantgarden Escovopsisishorizontallytransmitted Currieetal 1999 foundthatEscovopsiswascultured duringcolonyfoundation in6 6 ofcolonies However in1to2yearoldcoloniesalmost60 hadEscovopsisgrowinginthefungalgarden http en wikipedia org wiki Leafcutter ant Parasitism Parasitism WearelosingEarth sgreatestbiologicaltreasuresjustaswearebeginningtoappreciatetheirtruevalue Rainforestsoncecovered14 oftheearth slandsurf