合作原则英文1修改稿.docx

ContentsAbstract2Chapter one Introduction31.1Research background31.2Significance of research31.3Outline of the Thesis4Chapter two Literature Review42.1 Introduction to the Cooperative Principle42.2 The theory of Conversational Implicature52.3 Research Aboard62.4 Research at Home72.5 Summary8Chapter three Violation the Cooperative Principle in Drop Dead Diva93.1 Violation of Quantity Maxim93.1.1 Inadquent Information93.1.2 Excessive Information93.2 Violation of the Quality Maxim103.2.1 Overstate103.2.2 Irony113.3 Violation of the Ralation113.3.1 Be Partly Irrelevant113.3.2 Be Altogether Irrelevant113.4 Violation of the Manner123.4.1 Ambiguity and Obscurity123.4.2 Disorder13Chapter fourConclusion13Acknowledgment13Bibliography14An Analysis of Conversational Implicative in Drop Dead Diva from the Perspective Violation the Cooperative PrincipleAbstract As a comprehensive art, film also has its own artistic features. Having plunged into peoples social life of every aspect, film plays an indispensable part in our daily life. Film dialogue is a vital way to communicate and exchange among different characters. Being lacking in dialogues, it will be hard to come into conflict among characters and to present the occurrence and development of the plot, the climax and the ending in a fuller way. Only through dialogues can film characters show their identity, status, personalities and characteristics respectively. It seems that, being an individual and artistic language, film dialogue plays an important role in portraying the characters personalities and revealing the relationship among characters and the development of the plot in order to have a deep understanding of this films significance and its artistic merits. Therefore, the analysis of film dialogues is an effective way to explore the characters personalities.Keywords: Drop Dead Diva; Cooperative Principle; Conversational ImplicatureChapter one Introduction1.1Research backgroundDrop Dead Diva tells the story of a beautiful model Deb due to an accidental death. After go to heaven, because she and her gatekeeper Fred argue press the button to return to earth. But the accident from happening again, she got on the wrong body. Entered a fat but capable lawyer Jane (Brooke Elliott) body. Did not have the beauty of the Deb to how life on earth, how can I find her own past? With the help of the guardian angel Fred she began life as Jane.Humor is an enduring research topic, the earliest study of humor began in the fourth century B. C. Platon and Aristotle. In the next two thousand years, many scholars from different areas use different methods to humor research, from various angles, summarized many theories about humor, such as linguistics, rhetoric, aesthetics, philosophy and social science and so on. West from the psychology angle for humor studies scholars more and formed the influential humor theories: superiority theory, incongruity theory and release theory. The three major humor theories put forward a good theoretical basis for the analysis of the psychological mechanism of humor. For centuries, the study of humor has the greater progress, from the perspective of linguistics, semantics, syntax, stylistic and pragmatic learn research and provide a wider view and a new perspective for the humor. Raskin (1985) script theory (SeriptTheoryofHujnor (SSTH) and after Attardo cooperation with Raskin puts forward the common verbal humor theory (GeneralTheoryofVerbalHumor (GTVH) is from the perspective of semantic of humour study important theory. From the pragmatic point of view, the study of humor is also very rich, such as the premise, the principle of cooperation in Anstin, Grices speech act theory and so on. The trend of the research on humor has been presented a multi angle and multi-level structure.1.2Significance of researchThis paper selects in pragmatics, the theory of cooperative principle as the theoretical framework for the study of verbal humor, Grices cooperative principle theory, since it is of pragmatic study of development has a profound influence, so it has become a central issue in the study of pragmatics. With the development of the research, although many scholars have objection to the principle of cooperation, the principle of cooperation is still one of the most effective pragmatic principles in the analysis of how the humorous effect is produced in the conversation. The principle of cooperation points out that in order to ensure the smooth progress of communication, the two sides should cooperate with each other to provide authentic, sufficient, concise and clear information related to the content of the conversation. The principle includes four maxims, namely the maxim of quantity, quality standards, norms and manner maxim, follow the cooperative principle and standards in order to achieve the most effective communication effect; cooperative principle and each time the violation of will lead to the generation of conversational implicature. 1.3Outline of the ThesisThis paper is divided into four chapters. The introduction part briefly introduces the background and significance of this study. The second chapter gives a brief introduction to the origin and development of the principle of verbal cooperation, and reviews the research results of the Chinese and foreign scholars on the cooperative principle and the effect produced by the violation of the cooperative principle. The third chapter describes in detail the violation of the principle of cooperation of the four guidelines produced by the humorous effect, and analysis. The fourth chapter summarizes the whole paper.Chapter two Literature ReviewThe Literature Review mainly contains to five parts : the first part is the introduction to the Cooperative Principle. The second part is the theory of conversational Implicature and the third part is researches on aboard. The fourth part is researches at home. The last part is the summary . 2.1 Introduction to the Cooperative PrincipleAccording to Grice, in the process of human communication , dialogue between the two sides follow some maxims either by design or accident. So the Grice came up with the definition of Cooperative Principle is “we might formulate a rough general principle which participants will be expected to observe, namely: make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs ,by the accepted purpose of direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged ” (Grice, 1986: 26) It was put forward in 20th Century and divided into four maxims: quantity maxim, quality maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim. Quantity Maxim :Make your contribution as informative as is required . Do not make your contribution more informative than is required Quality Maxim: Try to make your contribution one that is true: do no say what you believe to be false; do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence Relation Maxim : Be relevant Manner Maxim: Avoid obscurity of expression; Avoid ambiguity; Be brief; Be orderly ( Grice, 1975: 45-46 )“The Cooperative Principle is meant to describe what actually happens in conversation instead of telling speakers how they ought to behave. That is, when we speak we generally have something like the cooperative principle and its maxims in our mind to guide us , though subconsciously,or even unconsciously. We will try to say things which are true , relevant , as well as informative enough , and in a clear manner . Hearers will also try to interpret what is said to them in this way.” (Hu Zhuanglin & Jiang Wangqi, 2002:458) And also, if the speaker abide by the cooperative principle in a conversation , and the people obviously violate one or more of the maxims, the listener will try to understand the reason .Meanwhile Grice points out that, people cannot obey the cooperative principle in the following situations. Firstly, speaker cannot understand the hearers needs ,which is considered to violate the maxim of quantify.Secondly, speaker do not want to cooperate in accordance with cooperative priciple .For example “ I can not say anything ,because my mouth was sealed ”.Thirdly , speaker may encounters conflict that : he could not perform more than two maxims at the same time. For example , speaker can only perform the maxim of quantity based on the violation of the maxim of quality.Finally, speaker would violate the cooperative principle deliberately. Because he believes that the listener can understand and continue to work with him . However , listener thinks the speaker would not deliberately mislead him. 2.2 The theory of Conversational Implicature Conversational Implicature, abbreviated as CI, put forward in the United States in a speech (William James Lecture) at the Harvard University in 1967. Conversational Implicature is the core of the pragmatics and Grice said “ a Conversational Implicature is something which is implied in conversation, that is something which is left implict in actual language use ” in his paper logic and conversation in 1975 . (Grice, 1975) And implicature is used by Grice to account for what the speaker literally says. Conversational Implicature is something left suggestive in actual language. In the process of understanding or interpretation and the inference ability of both the address and the addressee are playing significant roles. “ In everyday talk,we often convey propositions that are not explicit in our utterances but are merely implied by them. Sometimes we are able to draw such inferences only by referring what has been explicitly said to some conversational principle . In certain cases , we are dealing with “Conversational Implicature” (Jacob,2003:22) According to Grice, Conversational Implicature is a non-concentional implicature belongs to the hearer s assumption. Conversational Implicature is divided into two forms: Generalized Conversational Implicature and Particularized Conversational Implicature. Generalized Conversational Implicature belongs to implicature than can be deduced without particular context, it is produced by some usage of language expression generally. Particularized Conversational Implicature belongs to implicature that needs to depend on particular context to infer, it is an implicature be built on particular place and character.2.3 Research Aboard Grices (1967) theory of Conversational Implicature completed the transition from meaning to hint, get a breakthrough in pragmatics studies .It has won high praise of linguistic and extensive recognition. With the research step by step deepening the shortcomings become more and more evident . Aiming at the shortage of the academic circles, so we should do something to remedying the error approaches .Firstly, Goody(1978)studies intercultural communication about Cooperative Principle in toward a theory of questions. He put forward that questions not only convey contents also reflect some complex relationship between questioner and answer-er. He also points out his shared definition that people from different social class will pose different questions and the understanding of those questions will be limited because of the different social classes .Secondly, in the aspect of grammar, on the basis of Cooperative Principle, Ervin(1990) evolves in an article The Rhetoric of Courtship:Conversation and Cooperation in Newspaper Personal Ads that women inclined to be more cooperative than men. So their violation of the Cooperative Principle and its maxims happens frequently .Thirdly, in the aspect of education Edwards and Mercer used the Cooperative Principle to analyze the class conversations,interpreting questions & answers in the class in the book Common knowledge: the development of understanding in the classroom. They think people can conclude the shared knowledge through the specific maxims of the Cooperative Principle put forward by Grice , so that can understand and accept the utterance .Kieifgen (1990) had a new discovery in the perspective of children education .The Cooperative Principle played a very important role. When children got the core and understand the rules of game, When the younger children did violations of the maxim of quality, she got the centre rule of the game which thus created humorous effect. Her theory of “ pre-determined point ” showed a meaningful and very important part in teaching strategy, such as when the teacher should teach them new knowledge . It also can help them make the judgment about how much children have understand and mastered . There is no question that, on the one hand, the cooperative principle can explain how the conversational implicture is created . However, it cannot explain the reason that people are more able to express themselves by violating the maxims of Cooperative Principle , and the reason why people do not want to tell the hearers directly but want the hearers to guess their meanings. In order to work out these questions a lot of scholars have done many researches, among which Leechs and Brown & Levinsons Politeness theories play a very important role. Leech said that speakers often violate the cooperative principle out of politeness. And people always obey or violate the Cooperative Principle at cost of the politeness principle .2.4 Research at Home Since the Paul Grice put forward the Cooperative Principle in 1967, so many important scholars did research on Cooperative Principle in China. “ Up to today, the number of articles regarding cooperative principle has amounted up to 100 or more, with the 1990s as the most productive period. Generally speaking, three areas are involved : the introduction and translation of the theory; the study of the theory; and the application of the theory ” (Zhang Meiling,2006) Hu Zhuanglin (1980) is the first Chinese who introduced Cooperative Principle in his article pragmatics in 1980. Some years later, Chen Yumin (1983) also introduced Cooperative Principle in his article Grices Cooperative Principle and Related Discussion in 1983 which was regarded as the most comprehensive and faithful one . Then , Shen Jiaxuan (1986.) translated Topic Two of Pragamatics : Conversational Implicature in 1986 and had a great influence in academia. More and more outstanding linguistician appeared such as Cheng Rong (1985) and Xu Shenghuan (1993) . In addition to some articles, Cooperative Principle was written into some text books; like A survey of Pragatics written by He Ziran (2002) . And He Zhaoxiongs An Introduction to Pragmatics(2000.); and pragmatics created by Jiang Wangqi(2003.) and so on .Xu Shenghua traditionally supposed the therory of Conversational Implicature did not get the principle of it. According to analysis of the guantity maxim, he established one new pragmatic reasoning mechanism and came true the programmatic correlation of Conversational Implicature inference to a flawless to the maxim of quantity and have a great explanatory power of Cooperative Principle .“Suo Zhenyu (2000) was in the absorption of foreign research results; and he also committed to creating linguistic theory has characteristics of Chinese culture, described and explained the phenomenon of Chinese culture. He combined the Chinese verbal communication and put forward the tact maxim. ” ( Gu Wenyue , 2015: 6)In the process of growing up the Cooperative Principle in China , “ the studies have achieved great development in depth and width and can be separated into three stages: introduction, study and then application. Although the current studies on this theory are quite diversified and more scientific, compared with the studies abroad , China is still left behind in many aspects . For example , most articles concerning the Cooperative Principle are still at the stage of introduction of evaluation but lack our own viewpoints; the range and depth of the study are far from enough; the methodology of study is simple and the explanation of the study is weak .” (Zhang Meiling, 2006) 2.5 SummaryThis part mainly talks about the defination of the Cooperative Principle and Conversational Implicature. Foreigin studies on Cooperative Principle mainly focus on these three aspects, that is,interculural communication, grammar and education. On the basis of foreign theories,many Chinese schololars also did lots of studies. Some of them created new pragmatic reasoning mecharism and linguistic theories with Chinese culture characteristics. As for the analysis of the TVseries the Drop Dead Diva from the penspective of Cooperative Principle violation, few people studied it from the aspect of conversational implicature . So I will analys the Conversational Implicature in Drop Dead Diva from the perspective of Cooperative Principle violation.Chapter three Violation the Cooperative Principle in Drop Dead Diva Drop Dead Diva is a famous American situation comedy, which was released in 2009 and 2012. Tells the story of a beautiful model DEB died in a car accident, in the heaven and the gatekeeper Fred quarrel pressed the return button to return to the world. But, other than to happen again, she entered the body of a clever and capable fat lawyer Jane. This drama tells the story of how Deb is in the guardian angel Freds help to start a new life in the identity of the story of Jane.3.1 Violation of Quantity MaximThe maxim of quantity refers to the discourse information fully and not redundant. When the session, in violation of the maxim of quantity, deliberately did not provide enough information to the other needs or to provide extra information, namely information is insufficient or excessive, may produce a hint.3.1.1 Inadquent InformationScene: Fred to Stacy love at first sight