06英本语言学试卷A及答案.doc

Part I Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A, B,C or D in the brackets. (2%15=30%)1. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be _.A. prescriptive B. descriptive C. synchronic D. diachronic2. The famous quotation from Shakespeares play “Romeo and Juliet” “A rose byany other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _. A. the arbitrary nature of language B. the creative nature of language C. the universality of language D. the big difference between human language and animal communication3. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in _. A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of air stream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips 4. The sound /f/ is _.A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative5. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called _. A. polysemy B.hyponymy C. antonymy D. homonymy6. The word “ motel” is formed through . A. backformation B. blending C. clipping D. derivation7. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the _. A. phrase structure B. surface structure C. syntactic structure D. deep structure8. Which word can be analyzed as +HUMAN, +ANIMATE, +ADULT, -MALE _A. boy B. girl C. man D. woman9. The pair of words vacant and occupied are_ antonymy.A. gradable B. converse C. relational D. complementary12. 4 10. “-er” in the word “ colder” is _.A. a deri A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root11. The relationship between fruit and apple is . A. polysemy B.hyponymy C. homonymy D. synonymy12 .“kid” and “offspring” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are _synonyms. A. collocational B. stylistic C. complete D. dialectal13. “He likes seafood” _ “He likes crabs”. A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is entailed by14. The_ view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops. A. behaviorist B. innatist C. interactionist D. cognitive15. is the discussion about the relationship between language and culture.A. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis B. Critical Period Hypothesis C. Bilingualism D. BehaviorismPart II. True or false. (1%10=10%)1. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. ( )2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. ( )3. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. ( )4. “It is snowing.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. ( ) 5. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. ( ) 6. “Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy. ( ) 7. The way children acquire the language is one of the causes for language change. ( ) 8. Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.9. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted. ( )10. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners interlanguage. ( )Part III. Define the following terms (3%5=15%)1. language2. context3. morphology 4. language acquisition 5. referencePart IV Answer the following questions. (5%4=20%)1.What are the design features of human language?2. What is phonetics? How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?3. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? 4. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own.Part IV. Analysis. (25%)1. Draw the surface structure for the sentences. (7%)1) The man in the room helps me every day. (3%)2) She has finally found the man whom she loves. (4%)2. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims give rise to conversational implicature? (9%)3. What are the six important distinctions in linguistics? Choose two of them to analyze clearly. (9%)ANSWER SHEET题号总分得分 教师签名得 分阅卷教师Part I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%15=30%)1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15得 分阅卷教师Part II Define the following terms (3%5=15%) 1. language2. context3. morphology4. language acquisition 5. reference得 分阅卷教师Part III. True or false. (1%10=8%) 题号12345678910答案得 分阅卷教师Part IV Answer the following questions. (5%4=20%)1. What are the design features of human language?2. What is phonetics? How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?3. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? 4. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own.Part IV. Analysis. (25%) 得 分阅卷教师1. Draw the surface structure for the sentences. (7%)1) The man in the room helps me every day. (3%)2) She has finally found the man whom she loves. (4%)2. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims give rise to conversational implicature? (9%)3. What are the six important distinctions in linguistics? Choose two of them to analyze clearly. (9%)06英(本)语言学导论课程期末考试A卷参考答案Part I Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%15=30%)1-5 BABDD 6-10 BDDDC 11-15 BBDCAPart II True or false (1%10=10%)1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. TPart III Define the following terms (3%5=15%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.3. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.4. Language acquisition refers to the childs acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.5. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. Part IV Answer the following questions. (5%4=20% ) 1. Arbitrariness: This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.Productivity: language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new sgnals by its users.Duality:language consists of two sets of structures or two levels. The lower or the basic level is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves; the higher level of the system is meaning. Displacement: language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.Cultural transmission: the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.2. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.Phonetics and phonology differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature, it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3. The naming theory is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning. According to this theory, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.The conceptualist view: there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The symbol or a word signifies “things” by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the speaker of the language; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word. Contextualism: meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context. According to this view, one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Behaviorism: the meaning of a language form is the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”. 4.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. For example, a lecture on biology in a technical college could be identified asField: scientific (biological) Tenor: teacher-students (formal, polite)Mode: oral (academic lecturing)Part V Analysis. (25%)1. The six important distinctions in linguistics are: Prescriptive vs. descriptive; synchronic vs. diachronic; speech and writing; langue and parole; competence and performance; traditional grammar and modern linguisticsThe distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made this distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. In his opinion, parole is simply a mass of lunguistic facts, too varied and confusing for systematic investigation, and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i.e. to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by the American lin