外研版高一英语上学期语法总结.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除高一英语必修1&必修2语法总结一、语法综述：1. 英语的词法主要是研究英语中的十大类词动词形容词副词冠词名词介词代词连词数词感叹词2. 英语的句法主要是研究句子的构成、排列顺序、以及使用的。英语的句子按照用途划分四大类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。按照句子的繁简程度划分为三类：简单句、并列句、复杂句。并列句：You are a student and I am a teacher. You are a student but you learn English better than your teacher.复杂句：I agreed with what you said. The teacher who is serious and energetic is our English teacher.Because he is strict, we dont like him.必修一跟必修2中主要涉及到的句法为复杂句中的状语从句（其中主要提到：时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句）二、课本中具体语法知识点讲解（一）动词动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词谓语动词谓语动词是句子的“心脏”，在句子中谓语由不同的时态构成。“时态”就是谓语动词动作发生的时间和存在的状态（“时”为时间，“态”为状态）。时间：-|-|-|-过去（past） 现在（present） 将来（future） 状态：进行/完成这两册书中主要学习了一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时。1. 一般将来时（动作发生在将来）跟一般过去时（动作发生在过去）都表示动作发生的时间，与状态没有关系。例如：2. 现在完成时（have/has done）表示两方面的的含义：a. 过去发生的动作一直持续到现在，并且可能一直持续下去。b. 过去发生的动作，对现在造成的影响。（落脚点在现在，注意与一般过去时的区别）3. 过去完成时（had done）表示“过去的过去”（ past-in-the-past ）（a）. -|-|-|-那时以前 那时(过去) 现在e.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. He didnt go to bed until he had finished he work.（b）. 注意过去完成时跟后面学的从句联系起来：e.g. When I woke up, it had stopped raining. I found the watch which I had lost.（c）. 过去完成时还可用在hardly when , no sooner than , It was the 1st (2nd , etc) time (that)（这是某人第几次干什么了）等固定句型中。 e.g. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.非谓语动词三大类：to do, doing, done关于用法，两条黄金原则：a. 非谓语动词不作谓语。 b. 过去分词（done）没有名词性功能（不作主语、宾语）。（这两本书中主要考查了to do, doing作宾语，doing, done作定语、状语）1. to do, doing 作宾语（1）后面跟to do 作宾语的动词 hope, agree, dare, decide, determinebegin, start, refuse, prepare, offermanage, try, aim, forget, remember chooseseem, pretend, learn, love, hatee.g. We agreed _ to meet _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. She pretended _ not to see_me when I passed by. (高考全国卷) （2）后面跟doing作宾语的动词give up, enjoy, regret / insist on, practise , finish / put off, avoid , minde.g. Would you mind waiting a few minutes？ They are looking forward to Marys coming2. doing & done 作定语（何为定语？“定”-“界定、限定”，也就是修饰限定名词的，名词在句子中作主语宾语，所以定语修饰主语或宾语）（作定语时，单个的分词放在所修饰的名词前；若是分词短语则要放在所修饰的名词之后）e.grunning water Do you know the three children walking towards us broken heart/ The heart broken by him is dead.3. doing & done 作状语（何为状语来？“状”-“状况”，也就是说明动作发生的状况，例如动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、条件、造成的结果等。也就是在句子中修饰谓语动词）e.g. Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. Having finished the homework, he went home. 注意：1）无论作什么成分，to do 一般表示将来，doing表示主动进行，done表示被动完成。2）分词作定语和状语的时候可以转化成相应的从句（因为他们都是从句转化来的）：例如上面例句：Do you know the three children walking towards us.Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. 3）分词作定语和状语要学会跟with的复合结构联系起来。（二）“帽子词”冠词 “冠”者、“帽子”也，冠词也就是“帽子词”。到底是谁的帽子呢？是名词的帽子！也就是说冠词永远放在名词的前面，不能单独使用。在考试过程中，经常会考查定冠词和零冠词（不用冠词的地方）的用法。1. 定冠词的常考用法（1）. 表示世界上独一无二的东西 the sun, the earth, the capital, the sky, the universe(2) . 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派等专有名词前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, (3). 用在序数词、形容词最高级前。 the second story, the largest room, the third longest river（4）用在方位名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。 on the left, in the east / west, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end（5）. 用在形容词或分词前表示一类人。 the poor / rich / dying / young / living / wounded(6). 在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇二人。 The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table（7） . 弹奏国外乐器时，乐器名词前 Do you like to play the piano or the violin? 2. 零冠词的用法（1）. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前 China , America, John, Air is a matter. Failure is the mother of success.（2）. 季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐名称前 spring, summer, autumn / fall, winter, Sunday, October, National Day（3） 表示头衔的名词作表语、宾语补足语及同位语时 He was made monitor. George W. Bush is president of the USA.（4）. 学科名词，球类、棋类名词前 Do you study mathematics? He likes playing football / chess.（5）. 在与by连用的交通工具名称前by car( bus, train, water, air, land)（三）形容词&副词（语言的美化师） 形容词1. 倍数的表达法: 主语+be+倍数+as+形容词/副词+ as 主语+be+倍数+比较级+than主语+be+倍数+the+名词(size, width, length, height, depth)+ofe.g. My room is three times as big as his.=My room is three times the size of his.=My room is three times bigger than his.2. 比较级+and+比较级 (“越来越”)e.g. He became taller and taller.3. the+比较级+. , the+比较级+. (“越越”)e.g. 1) The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 副词的用法 1. 定义: 副词（adverb，简写为adv）是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。 2. 分类 1) 时间副词: now, then, soon, today, sometimes, yesterday, tomorrow, ago等。 e.g. We are leaving for Beijing soon. （注意位置） 2) 频度副词: often, always, usually, never, ever, seldom, rarely, frequently, occasionally等。 e.g. He seldom goes to the cinema. He had never been there before. 3) 程度副词: quite, so, little, much, very, rather, almost, nearly等。 e.g. He quite likes pop music.（五）状语从句状语从句，当然就是跟班句子在另一个大句子里面作状语。课本中主要讲解了时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句.时间状语从句引导词分类： when, while, as as soon as, the moment, hardlywhen, no soonerthan 寻求before， after italics n.（pl） 斜体（字）by the time 母顺序的e.g. By the time they get here, well have finished the work. seashell n. 海贝壳By the time we got there, the movie had begun .原因状语从句 （动作发生的原因）alien n. 外星人；外国人Because, as, since, for, now that apparently adv. 显然地；显而易见地 目的状语从句 （动作的目的）引导词：so as to, in order to