中考英语语法考前整理.docx

语法9种词性词性含义考点：实词决定内涵，虚词决定结构名词n.表示事物的名称1、可数不可数2、专有名词，普通名词3、普通名词分为个休名词（单数），集体名词（复数），抽象名词（不可数），物质名词（不可数）代词pron.代替名词的词1、 指示代词 this,that,these2、 疑问代词who,what,which3、 人称代词，三种人称都有单复之数4、 形容词性物主代词当成形容词使用5、 名词性物主代词当成名词使用6、 不定代词some ,any, any one代替同一类中的一个。That在比较结构中代替动词vt.&vi.表示一个动作1、 vt.必须跟宾语，vi.不能跟宾语2、 助动词will, shall, have, be3、 情态动词can, may, have to4、 系动词 联系主语和表语的，只用于主系表结构5、 Eat, eats, ate, 非谓语 eating, eaten, to eat形容词adjective修饰名词性结构的词1、 表、定、补2、 比较级、最高级副词Adverb修饰动词、形容词、另一个副词、句子1、 状语2、 a.直接加er,estb.以辅音字母加y结尾，y-i+er/estc.双写bigbiggerbiggestd.多音节的。More, most, less, least3、 同级比较4、 倍数比较：A+谓语+倍数+as+adj./adv.+as+B数词num.1、 基数词，序数词2、 分数：基数词-序数词1/3:one-third 2/3:two-thirds冠词art.给名词戴帽子1、 不定冠词a, an2、 定冠词the：the+adj.表示一类人，the old， the richthe+姓氏复数the Greens一家人。The+可数名词单数，表一类事物西洋乐器3、 零冠词连词conj.连结两个词或句子1、 并列连词A. and并列关系的并列连词B. or选择关系的并列连词C. so因果关系的并列连词D. but转折关系的并列连词2、 从属连词，引导状语从句的介词prep.中介作用，不能单独存在1、 介宾短语：介词后面一定要跟逻辑宾语，动词在介词后必须用ing形式。2、 不及物动词+介词+宾语8大句子成分成分作用或特点例句主语动作的发出者或句子的描述对象。主语一般位于句首。通常情况下，一个句子只能有一个独立主语（并列主语除外）。Lucy likes her new bike.We work hard.To learn a foreign language is not easy.Playing soccer after school is great fun.谓语主语发出的动作。通常由动词充当。通常情况下，一个句子只能有一个独立谓语（并列谓语除外）。动词分为实义动词，连系动词，情态动词和助动词。情态动词和助动词不能单独充当为主，必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。We love china.We have finished reading the this book.He can speak English.宾语动作的承受者。一般放在及物动词或介词后面。通常情况下，一个句子只能有一个独立宾语（并列宾语除外），但是某些动词要跟双宾语（指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语）。We study English.Our teacher said that he would go there.He is looking at the dog.He gave me two books.表语跟在联系动词后面，用来说明评语的身份、特征、状态。The trees turn green.The flower is beautiful.定语用来修饰限定名词性结构。分前置定语（短）和后置定语（长），数量不限。This is a red car.The building is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wife.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程序、目的等。位置灵活多变（句前、中、后均可），数量不限。John often came to chat with me.(程度、目的)As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.(原因)She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.Though he is young, he knows a lot.He came running.(方式)补语用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份、特征。Everyone calls him jack.(宾补)He is called jack.(主补)同位语位于名词性结构后面，也是一个名词性结构，两部分地位相同，互相补充说明。The great wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.介宾短语作状语和后置定语，表语和宾补。5大基本句式句式内涵常见动词例句主谓主语+不及物动词;不能带宾语Work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happenLi Ming works very hard.The accident happened yesterday afternoon.We have lived in the city for ten years.主谓宾主语+及物动词+宾语Eat, love, knowHe bought a bag.She plans to travel in the coming May Day.I dont know what I should do next.主谓宾宾主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）Buy, pass, lend, give, tell, ask, teach, show, bring, sendHer father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.I have told him the story.Show me your card, please.主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语I gave a book to him.主谓宾宾补主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语感官动词和使役动词You should keep the room clean and tidy.We made him our monitor.主系表主语+系动词+表语（多为形容词性结构）Be, look, seem, smell, taste, become, turn, get, grow, goThis kind of food tastes delicious.What she said is right.非谓语动词的基本概念解题思路1、 看句子前面如果有谓语了，一般就是考察非谓语问题。2、 判断非谓语的逻辑主语是谁3、 根据三种非谓语动词的内涵来选择合适的非谓语。特殊：do nothing(anything, everything) but(except)+省略to的不定式Only to do sth.定义举例谓语动词在句子中做谓语的动词形式They built a garden.We arrived at 3.非谓语动词在句子中不做谓语的动词的形式，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）He seems to know a lot.They went to the park, singing and talking.Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.心中充满了希望和恐惧，他走进山洞。非谓语动词形式内涵充当成分例句不定式(To) do sth.Not+(to) do被动：to be+done具有名词、形容词、副词的特性。表示“将来”，”目的”等主语Its necessary to study hard.(it是形式主语)宾语We think it important to obey the laws.(it形式宾语)宾补He saw the thief (to) steal a ladys cellphone.定语He is looking for a room to live in.状语He came to help me with my maths.现在分词V-ing被动：being+done主动、进行定语There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.宾补Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.状语Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.表语Traveling is interesting but tiring.过去分词V-ed本身就表被动被动、完成宾补I consider the matter settled.定语We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.状语Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!从句从句解题三步走：1、 判断从句类型。2、 划分从句成分。（从句不缺成分时，引导词选副词作状语。不能选择关系代词，因为代词要做成分）3、 结合从句的成分选择引导词。名词性从句引导词词性引导词用途从句类型例句连接词（在从句中不做成分）That陈述语气中使用主语从句It is a pity (that) we havent contacted for ages. 宾语从句He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.I knew that you were here.表语从句What I told him was that I would find him a good play.同位语从句The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.If/whether表疑问语气宾语从句I doubt if/whether he can do it.I dont know if/whether there will be a bus any more.同位语从句The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.As if, as though“好像”，”似乎”表语从句She looks as if she were ten years younger.连接代词（主、宾、定）What(ever)在从句中作主、宾、定，指物主语从句What she did is not yet known.表语从句That is what I want to tell you.Which(ever)在从句中作作定语，指人或物Who(ever)在从句中作主语，指人Do you know who has won the game?Whom(ever)在从句中作宾语，指人Whose(ver)在从句中作定语，批人或物连接副词When(ever)在从句中作时间状语宾语从句He didnt tell me when we should meet again.Where(ver)在从句中作地点状语Why(ever)在从句中作原因状语How(ever)在从句中作方式状语同位语从句1、 定义：两个名词结构成并列关系，互相解释说明。2、 先行词：均为抽象名词answer回答，答案，答辩。hope希望, 期望，信心。fact事实，真相。 truthtr真理，事实，诚实，实质。 belief相信，信赖，信仰，教义。 news新闻，消息。Idea想法，注意，概念。Promise许诺，希望。Information信息，资料，知识，情报。Conclusion结论，结局，推论。Order命令，顺序，规则。Suggestion建议，示意。Problem难题，问题。Question问题，疑问。Thoughtt思想，思考，想法，关心。Report报告，报道。Decisionds()n决定，决心，决议。Doubt怀疑，疑问，疑惑。Opinionpnjn意见，主张。Theoryiri 理论，常说，原理，推测。3、 特点：先行词是有内涵的名词，同位语从句就是先行词的内涵。定语从句1、 用来修饰、限定、说明名词性结构的语法成分。如果是一个词就叫定语是句子，就叫定语从句。2、 它相当于一个形容词，起到定语的作用。3、 被它修饰的词，叫先行词。4、 定语从句的引导词，叫关系词。它用来引导从句、可代替先行词、在定语从句中担当一定语法成分。分为关系代词和关系副词。5、 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。6、 主句的先行词不能离开“限制性定语从句”，否则主句语义不明。7、 “非限制性定语从句”是主句先行词的附加说明。去掉它不影响主句语义。它一般位于一整句话的中间，前后有逗号隔开。That不能出现在非限定性从句中。举例：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.引导词词性引导词用途引导词在从句中的成分（可代替先行词）例句关系代词（在从句中作主、宾、定、表成分）who指人主语The boys who are playing football are from Class One.whom指人宾语，可省略Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.which指物主语Football is a game which is liked by most boys.Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.宾语This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.That指人时，相当于who或者whom,指物时相当于which主语The people that/who come to visit the city are all here.宾语，可省略Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning?whose通常指人，也可指物定语He has a friend whose father is a doctor.Do you like the book whose color is yellow?关系副词(可用”介词+which”代替)why指原因原因状语Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.Where指地点地点状语Shanghai is the city where I was born.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.when指时间时间状语，也可作连接词I still remember the day when I first came to the school.The time when we got together finally came.状语从句1、 语法功能：修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。2、 一般情况下，在从句中出现将来时的情况时，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如：I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，绝不可用will arrive）引导词例句时间when（在时）, as（当时）, while（在期间）, as soon as（一就）, before（在之前）, after（在.之后）, since（自从.以来） , not.until（直到才）当用no sooner than，hardly when，scarcely when作为引导词的时候，从句要部分倒装Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While john was watching TV, his wife was cooking.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 每当我听取你的建议时，我就会惹上麻烦。地点常用：where特殊：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.原因常用：because, since, as,特殊：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.目的常用：so that, in order that(为了，以便)特殊：lest唯恐, in case万一, for fear that生怕，以免，in the hope that怀着的希望, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on (for the) purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.结果常用：so that, such that,特殊：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we not miss it.条件常用：if, unless, whether(whether.or not)特殊：as/so long as(只要), only if(只要.就), providing/provided that, supposing that, in case（美语中表条件，英语中表目的）, on condition thatYou will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 如果没有人反对，我们就在这里开会。让步常用：though, although, even if, even though特殊： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ，wh-everMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 但是我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is cold.He wont listen whatever you may say.比较常用：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊：the+比较级the+比较级She is as bad-tempered as her mother.The more I learn about people, the more I like my dog.方式常用：as, as if犹如，, how特殊：the way从样子来看;用这样的方法When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.九类倒装句解析1、 为了强调或平衡句子结构，英语中常用倒装。倒装有全部倒装和部分倒装。2、 全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。3、 如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。主要特征谓语动词例句Here, there, now, then等地点或时间副词开头。主语是名词时，全部倒装。是代词则不倒装。Be, come, go , remain(保持、留下)等Here comes the bus!Here it comes!为了使句子更生动，常将副词提到句首，全部倒装。主语是代词则不倒装。有些动词与副词out, in, up, down, away等构成不及物动词短语Up went the rocket.Up it went.将表示地点的介词短语放在句首进行强调，全部倒装常为不及物动词From the window came the sound of music.主语太长，谓语太短。或为强调句子的表语时，常全部倒装。结构为“表语+系动词+主语”。Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat.If虚拟条件状语从句中，如果将连词if省略，需用部分倒装Were I you, I would go there.As引导的让步状语从句从句的谓语部分为“不及物动词+副词”时，常将此副词提前到从句句首Hard as you try, you will not succeed.尽管你努力了，你也不会成功。从句的谓语部分为“情态动词+不及物动词”时，常将此动词提前到从句句首。Wait as you may, he will not see you.你尽管等好了，他是不会见你的！从句的谓语部分是“系动词+形容词”时，常将此表语形容词提前到从句句首。Proud as the nobles are, they are afraid to see me.从句的谓语部分是“系动词+单数名词”时，则常将这个表语提前，但要省略名词前的不定冠词。Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong. 尽管他还小但他也能明辨是非。具有(半)否定意义的词或短语位于句首时，用部分倒装如：seldom, rarely, not, never, by no means, in no time, hardly.when, no sooner.than, not only.but also等。Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he often helps others with their lessons.“only+状语”位于句首时, 用部分倒装。 Only then直到那时（后面的句子要倒装）Only then did I know the importance of English. so.that结构中，有时要强调so所修饰的形容词或副词，常将so 连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提前放在句首。So bright was the moon that the flowe