中石油2016通用英语选读课文58Our Many Responses to Pain痛感反应.doc

58. Our Many Responses to Pain 痛感反应1.Of all the body senses,pain is perhaps the most vital because it warns of bodily injury and triggers protective reflexes.But not always.1.疼痛也许是身体的感觉之中最重要的，因为它可以警示身体受到的伤害并且引发身体的保护性反射。但情况并非总是如此。2.Drs. F. R. Ford and Lawson Wilkins of Johns Hopkins Hospital have reported cases of persons being born without pain sensibility.A person who does not feel pain will not jerk his hand away from a flame.He wont know hes been cut unless he sees his blood.If he gets a cinder in his eye,he wont know it is there.2.约翰霍普金斯医院FR福特博士和劳森威尔金斯博士曾经报告过天生就没有痛感的病例。当触碰到火焰时，没有痛感的人不会把手缩回来，他要看到流血才知道自己受了伤，他甚至感觉不到眼睛里进了灰尘。3.Normally,such a necessary sensation as pain might be expected to be proportional to the extent of injury.But paina very personal experienceis modified by a persons experience,heredity,mood,and emotional state.3.正常情况下，类似疼痛这样必需的感觉会根据受伤的程度分成不同级别。但是疼痛是非常个人的感受它会根据经验、遗传、心情甚至兴奋状态而改变。4.Drs. W. P. Chapman and C. M. Jones of Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, have found not only that the intensity level,or threshold,at which pain is felt varies from person to person but also that there are also variations in the threshold of the same person at different times.They discovered that persons deprived of sleep to the point of extreme fatigue have lower than normal pain thresholds.4.位于波士顿的麻省综合医院的WP查普曼医生和CM琼斯医生发现，不同人的感觉疼痛的强度值/临界值互不相同，甚至同一个人的临界值也由于时间不同而变化。他们发现，被剥夺睡眠处于极度疲劳的人的临界值要比正常的疼痛临界值低。5.E. Libman,another investigator,discovered that American Indians did not perceive pain at thresholds as low as did Caucasian Americans.Even ignoring cultural conditioning,this fact may help to substantiate the many stories of the American Indians remarkable ability to endure great pain.5.另一位研究者，E 利布曼发现，美国印第安人感觉疼痛的临界值不像高加索美国人那么低。抛开文化因素，这一事实足以证明许多传说中美国印第安人那非凡的忍受疼痛的能力。6.Response to pain appears to be part of the learning process.Dr. Ronald Melzack and William R. Thompson of McGill University,Montreal, Canada,having raised animals in isolation,thus depriving them of the normal bumps and pains of growing up,noted that the animals did not respond normally to pain when fully grown.Although nothing was wrong with their central nervous systems,they would not withdraw their noses from flaming matches held in front of them.Nor did they seem to realize that pain warned of damage to their bodies.6.对疼痛的反应似乎是学习过程的一部分。位于加拿大蒙特利尔的麦吉尔大学的罗纳德梅尔扎克博士和威廉姆R汤普森博士将动物隔离圈养，不让它们互相磕碰，避免它们在成长过程中感觉到疼痛。他们注意到，这些动物长大后对疼痛不能做出正常的反应。尽管它们的中枢神经系统没有问题，但当燃烧的火柴放到它们面前时，它们不会把头缩回去，也意识不到疼痛所带来的身体受到伤害的警告。7.And of course,there is the well-known experiment carried out by Pavlov.He found that when he fed dogs immediately after giving them painful stimuli they soon responded to the pain with signs of pleasure.It seems we have to learn to respond to pains warning with proper protective reflexes.7.当然，还有巴普洛夫那个著名的试验。他发现给狗一个疼痛的刺激之后马上给它喂食，狗随后会对疼痛产生快乐的反应。看起来，我们需要学习用正确的保护性反射对疼痛的警告做出反应。8.Visceral pain offers another example of the part experience plays in the recognition of and response to pain.Of the three major types of painsuperficial pain from the skin,deep pain from the muscles and joints,and visceral painonly visceral pain is not rather carefully localized.8.内脏疼痛为个别经验在疼痛的识别和反应上又给出一个例子。疼痛有三种类型来自皮肤的表面疼痛，来自肌肉和关节的深度疼痛，还有内脏疼痛。只有内脏疼痛不能被精确定位。9.Often,visceral pain may feel as if it has come from another part of the body.It may seem to come from the skin or deep muscles of the place to which it is referred.For example，pain in the heart may be felt on the inner surface of the left arm.9.内脏疼痛往往会让人产生错觉，让人觉得痛感是来自身体的其它部分，似乎来自于它对应的皮肤或深层的肌肉。例如，心脏疼痛会反映在左臂内表皮上。10.This occurs because localization of pain is also partly learned.We feel pain where experience has taught we usually can expect to feel pain.The nerve fibers make chains of connections all the way up the spinal cord to the brain.10.这是因为疼痛的定位在一定程度上也是需要习得的。我们感觉到的疼痛往往是经验告诉我们在这种情况下应该感觉到疼痛，因为神经纤维形成了许多的连接链，通过脊髓连接到大脑。11.The nerve fiber of the viscera makes a connection with a nerve cell in the chain which is also ended on by a nerve fiber from a superficial bodily structure.The nerve cell on which both these fibers end transmits pain impulses from both the superficial and deep structures.But since we normally expect to feel pain from the outside,the brain interprets all impulses traveling over the secondary nerve fiber as if they came from the outside.11.内脏的神经纤维与一个神经链上的神经细胞相连接，这条神经链的末端又与身体表面结构的神经纤维相连。连接两个纤维的神经细胞可以从表层和深层结构两方面传输疼痛脉冲。但通常我们会认为疼感来自于外部，因此大脑会把所有通过次级神经纤维传递的脉冲都解释为来自于外部。12.If a persons concentration is focused on something strongly enough,he may not even feel pain.This is the basis for hypnosis.The patient is taught to concentrate so deeply that his mind screens out all sensationhe can even undergo minor surgery without pain.The athlete who plays out a game unaware that he is injured is a more familiar example of the way intense concentration can minimize pain perception.12.一个精神高度集中的人可能感觉不到疼痛，这就是催眠的基础。当一个病人高度集中注意力，他的大脑就会屏蔽掉所有的感觉甚至可以毫无痛感地进行小手术。运动员在比赛时对自己受伤毫无察觉，这也是高度集中注意力可以减轻疼痛的例子。13.After World War II,Henry K. Beecher of Harvard Medical School reported evidence that men in battle may suffer terrible wounds,not be in shock,and yet show few signs of pain.On the other hand,civilians with similar injuries will complain bitterly and beg for morphine.The difference seems to be one of attitude in this case. For the soldier,the wound is a “reward,”because it removed him from death.For the civilian,the wound is a calamity.13.二战以后，哈佛医学院的亨利比彻提出了一些证据，证明一些人在战斗中多处受重伤甚至休克，但他们很少感觉到疼痛。而另一方面，受了类似伤的平民们却不停地喊疼，向医生要吗啡止疼。这种差异似乎源自于他们对此的态度。对于战士来说，受伤是一种“奖赏”，使他们免受一死；而对平民来说受伤则是一件不幸之事。14.The nerve endings which carry pain impulses are found throughout the body.The nerves enter the spinal cord and travel up to the brain,where the impulses they carry are interpreted.14.能够传输疼痛脉冲的神经末梢遍布全身，神经进入脊髓并联通到大脑，然后大脑对这些刺激进行解释。15.Other nerve fibers run down from the memory-storing areas of the brain and make connections with the pain fibers in the cord.These fibers serve either to inhibit or amplify the original message.Thus they are the means by which memories of past experiences can intensify pain. 15.另一些神经纤维从大脑的记忆存储区下行，与脊髓内的痛觉纤维连接，他们既能够抑制也能增强原始信息，在它们的作用下，过去经验的记忆就能够使疼痛感增强。16.In the case of hypnosis,the inhibiting fibers would screen out many of the pain impulses to protect the state of concentration.16.就催眠的例子而言，起抑制作用的神经纤维可以屏蔽掉大量的疼痛刺激，从而保护意识专注的状态不被破坏。17.Pain responses can be stimulated with several types of energyelectrical,mechanical,extremes of heat or cold,and chemical.Earlier, scientists thought there was a special nerve ending which transmitted only one type of energy messageone for heat,one for cold,etc.Most recent research suggests the same nerve endings react to several kinds of stimulation.17.有几种能量可以刺激对疼痛的反应电击、机械力、极冷或极热以及化学药品。过去的科学家认为专化神经末梢只能传输一种能量信息，例如:一种传播热，一种传播冷，等等。但最近的研究却表明，相同的神经末梢能够对不同的刺激做出反应。18.According to Dr. Donald Ford,Downstate Medical Center,Brooklyn,New York,the same nerve ending that carries warmth messages which are pleasant,may also carry pain messages if the heat is increased.In actual tissue damage,Dr. Ford holds,a chemical substance is released which stimulates the nerve endings to transmit pain impulses.18.位于纽约布鲁克林的唐斯泰特医学中心的唐纳德福特博士认为，当热量增加时，一些传输令人愉悦的温暖信息的神经末梢也可以传输疼痛信息。他解释说，当有组织受到损伤时，一种能够刺激神经末梢传输疼痛脉冲的化学物质就会释放出来。19.The late Sir Thomas Lewis,English neurologist, reported many experiments designed to implicate a chemical mediator of pain impulses.19.后来的英国神经学家托马斯莱维斯爵士也报告了多项测试疼痛脉冲的化学介质的试验。20.In one such experiment,a blood pressure cuffwas inflated around a volunteers upper arm so that no blood could flow below the cuff.Painful stimuli were given to the hand.These stimuli aroused feelings which,normally,lasted only one or two seconds.20.其中一个试验是这样的。用血压计的袖带套住志愿者的上臂，使得血液无法流到小臂。此时对手给予疼痛刺激。正常情况下这类刺激引起的痛感只能持续一到两秒钟。21.As long as the pressure cuff was inflated,however,the pain continued to be felt.When the cuff was deflated and blood rushed into the lower ar