Contrastive Analysis语言学中的对比分析

ContrastiveAnalysis GroupMember Outline WhatisContrastiveAnalysis Study Linguistics WhatisthepsychologicalbasisofCA WhatproceduresshouldweadoptwhileconductingCA Whatdowecontrast compare Definition Aninductiveinvestigativeapproachbasedonthedistinctiveelementsinalanguage Itinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoormorelanguagesorsubsystemsoflanguageinordertodetermineboththedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthem Itcouldalsobedonewithinonelanguage CAcanbeboththeoreticalandappliedaccordingtovariedpurpose kinds IntralingualCross linguistic InterlingualPhonologicalinterferenceSyntacticinterferenceContrastivepragmatics Kinds Intralingual Analysisofcontrastivephonemes Featureanalysisofmorphsyntacticcategories Analysisofmorphemeshavinggrammaticalmeaning Analysisofwordorder Kinds Cross linguistic Interlingual Comparativeanalysisofmorphsyntacticsystems Comparativeanalysisoflexicalsemantics Analysisoftranslationalequivalence Studyofinterferenceinforeignlanguagelearning kinds Phonologicalinterference Thosewhocannotdistinguish n and l soundinChinesecannotdistinguishthetwosoundsinEnglish either Kinds Contrastivepragmatics Analysisneedstoconsidernotonlylinguisticcontrastsbutalsopragmaticcontrastssuchasthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthestylisticuses cultures andothercommunicativenetworks Theoreticalbases HeavilyinfluencedbyStructuralismandBehaviorism ThefocusonCAisonthesurfacestructure includingthephonology morphology syntaxanddiscourse Followingbehaviorism CAemphasizesontransferinlanguagelearning Basisassumptions L2learninginvolvesovercomingdifficultiesinthelinguisticsystemsofthetargetlanguage ThemaindifficultiesinlearningaL2arecausedbyinterferencefromtheL1 CAcanpredict oratleastaccountfor difficultiesinL2learning Teachingmaterialsbasedoncontrastiveanalysiscanreducetheeffectsofinterferenceanddifficulties andfacilitateL2learning Twotypesoftransfer Positivetransfer similarstructurefacilitatelearning L1habitscansuccessfullybeusedintheL2 Negativetransfer interference fromtheL1 L1habitswillcauseerrorsintheL2 ProceduresofconductingCA Theproceduresfollowedinvolve 1 description i e aformaldescriptionofthetwolanguageswasmadesuchasdistinctivefeaturesofeach 2 selection i e certainareasoritemsofthetwolanguageswerechosenfordetailedcomparisonsuchasphonology syntaxandlexicon Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsandlaughters Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsandburstsoflaughter 3 comparison i e theidentificationofareasofdifferenceandsimilarity DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish Asforthesamething ChineseandEnglishgiveadifferentnamebecauseoftheirdifferentfocus Generally blackisequivalentto 黑 andredisto 红 青睐 inChinesemeans like and favor whilegreeneyedinEnglishmeans jealous 眼红 inChineseisequivalenttogreen eyedinEnglish Then whatdoes red eyedflight mean SimilaritiesinChineseandEnglish Therearesomesimilaritiesinsyntax lookatthefollowingexamples 一朝被蛇咬 三年怕井绳 Oncebitten twiceshy 眼不见 心不烦 Outofsight outofmind 4 prediction i e determiningwhichareaswerelikelytocauseerrors whichisalwaysconsideredasafailureofdoing Whatwearegoingtodonextisdatacollection Therearetwotypesofdata 1 corpus baseddata2 introspectivedataCorpus baseddata acollectionofmaterialsthathasbeenmadeforaparticularpurpose suchasasetoftextbookswhicharebeinganalyzedandcomparedorasampleofsentencesorutteranceswhicharebeinganalyzedfortheirlinguisticfeatures Introspectivedata akindofdatainvolvingthesubjectreflectingthekindsofdecisionstheymakeandthekindsofstrategiestheyusewhilecarryingoutatask andreportingthemastheyoccur Corpus baseddata Introspectivedata Introspectivedataisbasedonintuitiontomakejudgment thejudgmentofsentimentality Personaljudgmentmaynotalwaysbereliable butthisprocedurecannotbeabandonedbecauseitisveryconvenient Sothatiswhyeverybodyusesit Youcannotmixthetwodata Youcanonlyuseone eithercorpus dataorintrospective Whatdowecontrastorcompare Canweimproveourlinguisticcompetencewithoutsystematicallycomparingourmothertongueandthetargetlanguage First wemustunderstandthemeaningofawordwhilelearningaforeignlanguage Second wemustlearnitsgrammarwhilelearningaforeignlanguage Third weshouldalsobefamiliarwithotheraspectsoflanguage suchassemanticsandpragmatics Finally weshouldknowthetargetculturewhilelearningaforeignlanguage Contrastiveanalysisonlexicallevel AsSwedishlinguistFerdinanddeSaussuresays Languageisasystemofmutuallydependentlexicalitem whosevaluecanonlybeacquiredfromotherlexicalitems Forexample thevalueoftheword bachelor canonlybegeneratedfromspinster woman andhusband Therearesomecollocationsthataretakenforgranted Nowtake salary asanexample abig highsalary fatsalary acomfortablesalary ahandsomesalary lowsalaries asmallsalaryamodestsalary ContrastiveAnalysisonSyntacticLevel Humboldt aGermanlinguist saysthatanysentenceinanylanguagehastwolevels oneislogicandtheotherisgrammar Chineselanguagehasmuchmorecoincidenceinlogicandgrammaranditismorebasedonlogic TherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinsyntax Theyareasfollows hypotactic 主从的 vs paratactic 并列的 grammaticalprinciplevs semanticprinciplesubordinationvs coordinationgrammaticalwordordervs pragmaticwordordernon pro dropvs pro drop 主语脱落 Takepro dropandnon pro dropasanexample Question 开门了吗 Answer 开了 发现了错误 一定要改正 Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered 看树看果实 看人看作为 Atreeisknownbyitsfruit andamanisknownbyhisaction SinceEnglishisasortofanalyticalandgrammaticallanguage itismorestrict stringentanddefiniteeveninagentlesspassivesentences However ChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish Itisvague anddependsheavilyoncontextandsemanticsratherthanongrammar SinceChinesehasnomorphology itisnecessaryforEnglishlearnersofL2ChinesetohavetheknowledgeofpragmaticswhenunderstandingChinesegrammar Otherwise itwillcauseambiguityormisunderstandinginmeaning ContrastiveAnalysisonMacroscopicLevel ThedifferencebetweenmicroscopicCAandmacroscopicCAisthatmicroscopicCAfocusesonphonology lexis grammar etc whilemacroscopicCAfocusesontext anddiscourse Whatistext Textisnotlimitedbyitsform itcanbespokenorwrittenorevenaproseorpoem Inaword textisasemanticunitofexpressingideas Example Insummary therearetwodifferencesinthecomponentofconnectioninEnglishdiscourseandChinesediscourse oneisvisibleandinvisibleconnection andtheotheristhewayofmakingpausesinsentences 断句 Therewerefewearthlythingsmorebeautifulthanauniversity saidMasefield Hedidnotrefertospiresandtowers campusgreensandiviedwalls H