国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)周瑞琪9.Inspection, claim, force majeure and arbitrationppt课件

ChapterNine Inspection Claim ForceMajeureandArbitration 2 Learningobjectives Afterreadingthischapter youshouldbeabletoexplainwaystostipulatetheplaceandtimeofinspectionwithinthecontractunderstandtheconditionsforbreachofcontractandsettlementofclaimsdescribewaysofstipulatingclaimclausesinasalescontractbeawareoftheconsequencesofforcemajeureeventsexplainwaystostipulateforcemajeureclausesinasalescontractrealizetheimportanceofarbitrationinthesettlementofdisputesandclaimsbeawareoftheissuestobeconsideredinthenegotiationofarbitrationdescribethewaysofstipulatinganarbitrationclauseinasalescontract 3 9 1CommodityInspection Commodityinspectionistheinspectionconductedbyanauthorizedthirdpartytotestifywhetherthequality quantity weight package etc arethesameasthosespecifiedinthecontract 4 9 1 1Timeandplaceofinspection Inspectionatthefactoryorattheportofshipment alsoshippingqualityandweight ThegoodsareinspectedatthefactoryorattheportofshipmentInspectionresultsconsideredfinalforthedeliveryofthegoodsbythesellerBuyercanre inspectthegoodsbuttheresultwillnotserveasthebasisforcompensationMorefavorabletotheseller 5 9 1 1Timeandplaceofinspection Inspectionattheportofdestination alsolandedqualityandweight ThegoodsareinspectedattheportofdestinationInspectionresultsconsideredfinalforthedeliveryofthegoodsbythesellerBuyercanclaimforcompensationinthecaseofdiscrepanciesMorefavorabletothebuyer 6 9 1 1Timeandplaceofinspection Inspectionattheportofshipmentandre inspectionattheportofdestinationThegoodsareinspectedattheportofdestinationandre inspectedbythebuyerattheportofdestinationInspectionresultsissuedattheportofshipmentareusedasoneofthedocumentsforthesellertosettlepaymentInspectionresultsissuedattheportofdestinationserveasthebasisforthebuyertoclaimforcompensationinthecaseofdiscrepanciesFavorabletoboththesellerandthebuyer 7 9 1 2InspectionBodies TypesofinspectionbodyGovernmentalinspectionbodiesOwnedandsupervisedbygovernmentsSpecializeininspectionofparticularcommoditiesorthosesubjecttomandatoryinspectioneg TheFoodandDrugsAdministration FDA inUSA TheStateAdministrationforCommodityInspection SACI inChinaNon governmentalinspectionbodiesPrivatelyownedEnjoythesamelegalstatusEg SocieteGenerableDeSurveillanceS A SGS inSwiss LloydsSurveyorsinBritain UnderwritersLaboratories UL inUSA 8 9 1 2InspectionBodies TasksoftheinspectionbodyToinspectgoodsforimportandexportStatutoryinspection formandatoryinspectionNon statutoryinspection madeonarandombasisToexercisesupervisionandcontrolovertheinspectionToaccepttheentrustmentforsurveyingservicesandissuecertificatesofsurvey 9 9 1 3InspectionStandard StandardsMandatoryinspection subjecttothestandardsasspecifiedintheLawandtheRegulationsForothers subjecttothestandardsagreeduponinthetradecontractsIfthereiscontradictionbetweenthestandardsintheLawandtheRegulationsandthoseinthecontracts subjecttothehigherone IfthestandardsarenotspecifiedintheLawandtheRegulationsorinthecontract subjecttothestandardsofthemanufacturingcountry orrelevantinternationalstandardsorthestandardsdesignatedbythestateinspectionagency 10 9 1 4InspectionCertificate InspectionCertificateofQualityInspectionCertificateofWeightorQuantityInspectionCertificateofValueInspectionCertificateofOriginSanitaryInspectionCertificateVeterinaryInspectionCertificateDisinfectionInspectionCertificateInspectionCertificateonDamagedCargo 11 9 1 5Inspectionclause Theinspectionclauseusuallycontainsstipulationsontheinspectionrightthetimeandplaceofinspectionorre inspectiontheinspectionbodytheinspectionitemsandtheinspectioncertificates 12 9 1 5Inspectionclause Example 13 9 2DisputesandClaims 9 2 1DisputesMainreasonsfordisputesbreachofcontractbythesellerfailstodeliverthegoodsfailstopresentrequireddocumentsbreachofcontractbythebuyerfailstoopenL Cfailstoacceptthegoodsfailstodispatchthevessel FOB breachofcontractbybothpartiesmisunderstandscontractstipulations 14 9 2 2Claims Claim demandmadebyonepartytoanotherforacertainamountofcompensationonaccountofalosssustainedthroughitsnegligenceTypesofclaimclaimregardingsellingandbuyingclaimregardingtransportationclaimconcerninginsurance 15 9 2 3Claimclause DiscrepancyandClaimClause formosttransactions MaininformationRelevantstipulationsorproofsRelevantinspectionauthoritativebodyPeriodforlodgingclaimsWaystobesettledmakingarefundcompensatingfordirectlossesorexpensessellingthegoodsatlowerpricereplacingthedefectivegoods 16 9 2 3Claimclause Example 17 9 2 3Claimclause PenaltyClause fortransactionsinlargequantityorwithlargemechanicalequipment 18 9 3ForceMajeure 9 3 1ForceMajeureClauseScopeofForceMajeureEventsStipulationinageneralwayWiththewording forcemajeureevents onlyNotspecific easilyleadingtodifferentinterpretation 19 9 2 3Claimclause StipulationinaspecificwayListallpossibleforcemajeureeventsindetailButmayleaveoutotherdetails 20 9 3 1ScopeofForceMajeureEvents StipulationinasynthesizedwayListsomeofthepossibleforcemajeureeventsindetailAddsuchwordingas orothercauseofForceMajeure inordernottomisstheotherpossiblecauses 21 9 3 1ForceMajeureClause Notification NotifythebuyerrightaftertheaccidentsthefollowingtheforcemajeureeventitseffectontheirabilityofperformingthecontractOtherwise thesellerwillbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage IssuanceofthecertificatesAneffectivecertificateconcerningtheactualoccurrenceoftheforcemajeureeventisrequired otherwiseThesellerwillstillbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage 22 9 3 2ConsequencesofForceMajeureEvents PostponementofthecontractWhentheperformanceofthecontractisdelayedtemporarilyContractshallberesumedaftertheforcemajeureeventTerminationofthecontractWhentheperformanceofcontractisimpossibleoneofthepartywhosufferstheforcemajeureeventmayaskfortheterminationofthecontract 23 9 4Arbitration 9 4 1Methodsofdisputesettlementnegotiationmediationarbitrationlitigation Mostfavorable Leastfavorable 24 DifferencebetweenarbitrationandmediationArbitrationInvolvinganimpartialthirdpartyLikeanlessformalcourt thearbitratorhearsevidenceandmakesadecisionThedecisionisfinalmediationInvolvinganimpartialthirdpartyThemediatorgivessuggestionstothesolutionofdisputes butTheydonotreachasolutionunlessallsidesagree 9 4 2Differencesamongwaysofdisputesettlements 25 Differencebetweenarbitrationandlitigationthewaytosubmitarbitrationorlitigationarbitration submissiontoarbitrationmadeontheagreementofbothpartiesinadvancelitigation submissiontolitigationmadeunilaterallybyoneofthepartiestheappointmentofarbitratororjudgearbitration appointedbythepartiesthemselvesandthethirdappointedbythearbitrationinstitutionlitigation appointedbythegovernment 9 4 2Differencesamongwaysofdisputesettlements 26 Differencebetweenarbitrationandlitigationtheeffectivenessofanawardorverdictarbitration awardisfinalandbindingonbothpartieswithnorightgiventorevisionbeforealawcourtlitigation verdictisnotfinal ie Ifonepartyrefuses hecanretaintherighttoappealtoahighercourtArbitrationissimpler lesscostlyandtime consumingandmoreflexible thereforeismorefavorableindisputesettlement 9 4 2Differencesamongwaysofdisputesettlements 27 ApplyingforarbitrationApplicationshallbemadeinwrittenformthenameaddressoftheclaimantandtheclaimeethearbitrationagreementthefactsofthedisputestheclaimant sclaimandthefactsandevidenceoftheclaimApplicationshallbesubmittedtotheSecretariatoftheArbitrationCommissionThearbitrationfeeshallbepaidinadvancetotheArbitrationCommission 9 4 3Arbitrationprocedure 28 Formingarbitrationtribunalsole arbitratortribunalonlyonearbitratorinvolvedBothpartiesjointlyappointorjointlyauthorizethechairmanofthearbitrationbodytoappoint collegiatetribunalthreearbitratorsinvolvedTheclaimantandclaimeeeachappointanarbitratorsThethirdoneeitherbejointlyappointedbybothpartiesorappointedbythearbitrationbody 9 4 3Arbitrationprocedure 29 HearinganarbitrationcaseoralhearingAdatefororalhearingshallbefixedinadvanceCommunicatetothepartiesconcerned30 inforeign relatedcases or15days indomesticcases beforethedatefororalhearingtheomissionofanoralhearingOmissionofanoralhearingshallbemadeattherequestofthepartiesorwiththeconsentoftheparties andbeapprovedbythearbitrationtribunal Iftheoralhearingisomitted anawardshallbemadebasedonthedocumentsonly 9 4 3Arbitrationprocedure 30 IssuinganawardTimefortheissuanceforarbitrationwithoutoralhearing within9monthsfromthedateoftheformationofarbitrationtribunalforarbitrationbasedonoralhearing within30daysfromthedateoftheoralhearingThedateofissuanceisthedateonwhichtheawardbecomeseffective Thearbitrationawardisfinalandbindinguponbothparties 9 4 3Arbitrationprocedure 31 SettingasideanawardIncaseofinconformityinthestatutoryprocedureintheaward forexamplenoarbitrationclauseinthecontract ornosubsequentwrittenarbitrationagreementincluded ortheappointmentofanarbitratorortheformationofanarbitrationtribunalnotinconsistentwitharbitrationrulesthepartyconcernedcanapplyforsettingasidethearbitralaward 9 4 3Arbitrationprocedure 32 EnforcinganawardIfanawar