托福议论文写作ppt课件

托福议论文写作 1 关于审题 跑题 偏题 漏题Thereisanincreasingnumberofjuveniledelinquents Analyzethepossiblecausesofthisphenomenon andoffersomerecommendations Nowadays internationaltourismisthebiggestindustryintheworld Unfortunately itcreatestensionratherthanunderstandingbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures Doyouagreeordisagree 2 审题练习 Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Alwaystellingthetruthisthemostimportantconsiderationinanyrelationship 3 托福议论文结构 4 托福写作一般采用三段论 Threeparts 即 IntroductionMainBodyConclusion之所以采取这种结构 是因为目前三段论仍然是最安全 最合理的作文结构 内部紧密相连 构成统一和谐的整体 各段逻辑关系如下 5 Introduction Tosaywhatyouaregoingtosay MainBody Tosaywhatyouwanttosay Conclusion Tosaywhatyouhavesaid 6 这种写作结构和中国诗文的章法 起承转合 有异曲同工之妙 起 是开端 承 是承接上文加以申述 转 是转折 从正面或反面立论 合 是结束全文 7 起 即Introduction 承 转 即MainBody 承 即从正面进行描述 转 即转说开去 大致分两种情况 一种从另一面或反面说 讲不同的意见 第二种是采用推进一层的写法 合 即Conclusion 8 议论文Body部分的基本结构 单边支持 一边倒 1 完全型单边支持 1 1 12 修正型单边支持 1 1 1双边中立 对等型 1 1 1 1 1 1分析解决 C E S 9 完全型单边支持 TOPIC Idea1 Idea2 Idea3 Detail1 Detail1 Detail1 Detail2 Detail2 Detail2 Detail3 Detail3 Detail3 10 修正型单边支持 TOPIC Concession Idea2 Idea3 Detail1 Detail1 Detail1 Detail2 Detail2 Detail2 Detail3 Detail3 Detail3 11 具体各部分写作详解 12 Howtowritetheintroduction Introduction的核心任务是Tosaywhatyouaregoingtosay 可以分成3个步骤来完成 Introducingthetopic 导入句 Myopinionofthetopic 中心句 Layoutofthemainbody 展开句 13 导入句的2种写法 导入句的作用 指出文章所要讨论的问题 达到spontaneousoverflow的效果1 标准化写法 situation或 和opinion2 个性化写法 14 举例 Somepeoplethinkfittestandstrongestindividualsandteamscouldwinthegameinsports Othersbelievebettermentalattitudeisthekey Whatisyouropinion 15 标准化写法 对立opinions陈述 Noonecandenythatthestrongestorthemostpowerfulathletesoftenwinthesportsgames However somepeopletendtobelievethatmentalattitudeplaysavitalrole Thesportsworldisoftencharacterizedbykeencompetitionofthefittestandstrongestathletesorteams Others however claimthatmentalattitudeplaysavitalrole 16 标准化导入句常用句型 1 Nowadays thereisagreatconcernabout amongpeople 2 Theimportance influenceof isamatterfordebate 3 Inrecentyears muchmoreattentionthaneverbeforehasbeenpaidto 4 Thereismuchcontroversyoverwhethertodosth ornot 5 Sthisamagnetforcontroversy 17 Cliche Withtheprogressofcenturiesspeedingupbyleapsandbounds Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandtechnology Everycoinhastwosides Thereisnogardenwithoutweeds 18 个性化导入句 个性化写法 追根溯源 亲身经历 下定义 举例子 新闻故事 提问式 做引用等 19 举例子导入句 WhenJamaicansprinter UsainBoltblazedintotheOlympichistorybooksbecomingthefirstmantobreakworldrecordswhilewinningboth100mand200mracesatasinglegame thewholeworldwasshockedbyhislighteningspeedandexplosiveforce Isitalwaystruethatphysicalstrengthhelpswinthegameinsports 20 师者 所以传道授业解惑也 Itisteacherswhoshouldertheresponsibilitytospreadphilosophy impartknowledgeandclearupconfusionsforstudents 21 提问式导入句 Writeaboutthefollowingtopics Happinessisconsideredveryimportantinlife Whyisitdifficulttodefine Whatfactorsareimportantinachievinghappiness Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeorexperience 22 提问式的3种思路 1 设问 中心句 自问自答式 2 设问 评论 中心句 评论铺垫式 3 设问 普遍观点 中心句 曲折入题式 23 Whatisessentialforhappiness Ourworldiscomplexandfullofmanydiversepeople Sodifferentpeoplemayhavedifferentopinions Inmyopinion happinessliesintheservicethatyougiveotherpeople 24 常用句型 Whatis Haveyouever Haveyouevertakenapart timejob Whataretheadvantagesofcollegestudents doingpart timejobs Astothesequestions differentpeoplemayholdtotallydifferentideas 25 引用式导入句 谚语或名言 对此谚语格言的评价 中心句ThereisanoldEnglishsayingwhichgoes Nopains nogains Itillustratestheimportanceofhardworkintheprocessofsuccess Inotherwords diligenceisakeyfactortosuccess 26 ThesisStatement写作的3大原则 27 中心句 Thesisstatement Beingstraightforwardmaybeaterriblethingwhenyoutrytogetayoungwomaninterestedinyou butitworksinwritingessays 28 一鼓作气 再而衰 三而竭 1 明确 简单 一句话表达中心 Theargumentmaybetrue Theargumentcontainssometruth 29 2 具体 Thinkofthethesisstatementasanumbrellashieldingyourwholepaper Ifaportionofyourpaperfallsoutsidetheumbrella eithercutitoutorextendthebreadthofyourumbrella 30 CompanyLogo 31 3 揭示作者观点和态度的强烈程度 Iabsolutelyagreeto withit Icannotagreemoreto withtheopinion 32 常用经典表达 33 引入话题 当谈到 Whenitcomesto Asfaras is areconcerned Insuchacase Inthecaseof Asweconsiderthat Ifweweretoconsiderthat 34 正面提出自己观点 我认为 IwouldpointoutthatItisquitecleartomethatIn tomyopinion judgement knowledgeOthersaswellasme holdtheopinionthat Personally personallyspeaking speakingformyself asformeAsfarasIamabletojudge AsfarasIamconcerned asfarasIknowFrommyangle perspective pointofview 35 评价观点 我同意 Iabsolutelyagreeto withit Icannotagreemoreto withtheopinion Iwouldgoalongwiththispointofview Iamforthatsolution Ivoteforthissuggestion 36 评价观点 我不同意 Idisagreeto withit Iamagainstthatsolution Idoubtwhethertheargumentcanbearcloseranalysis Idoubtwhethertheargumentcanholdwater 37 评价观点 我同意某一方 Iabsolutelyagreeto withtheformeropinion Icannotagreemoreto withthelatteropinion Iwouldgoalongwiththeformerone Iamforthelattersolution Ivotefortheformer latter 38 评价观点 我基本认为 Globally Ibelieve althoughseveralindividualcasesshouldbeconsidered Universally Ihardlybelieve althoughseveralmeritscanbeobservedinsomecases Itisinpartbeneficialtosomepeopleorgroup butIstillinsist assert 39 表示提出解决措施 Onepossiblesolutiontobetaken adoptedisthatInordertotacklethispressingproblem wehavenochoicebuttoadoptsomeeffectivemeasures Threefeasiblesolutionscanbeoutlinedasfollowing Peoplefromdifferentbackgroundsassumedifferentattitudestodealingwiththisproblem Frommypointofview thethreefollowingonesdowork 40 写作练习 PopulareventsliketheFootballWorldCupandotherinternationalsportingoccasionsareessentialineasingpatrioticemotionsinasafeway Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion 41 审题练习 PopulareventsliketheFootballWorldCupandotherinternationalsportingoccasionsareessentialineasingpatrioticemotionsinasafeway Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion 42 Introduction练习 Whensportseventsaregettingpopularworldwide whetheritissignificanttoeasethepatrioticemotionsinasafewayiscomprehensivelydebated Inmyopinion itisquiteeffectiveonthiscase whilebringingsomenegativeinfluence Thequestioncanbemadeclearfromthefollowing3aspects 43 Nowadays sportseventsareincreasinglypopularizingamongthepeoplethroughouttheworld Manybelievethatitisvitalineasingpatrioticaffectionsinasafeway However Itotallydisagreewiththisopinion becausesportingeventshavesomanynegativeimpactsonsociety familyandindividuals 44 个性化写法 个人经历式 ThemostunforgetablemomentiswhenIcheeredandcriedfortheChinesesportsteamintheBird sNestin2008 Beijing Whenweareimmersedintheseaofpatriotism nobodycandenythatinternationalsportseventsindeedcanhelpustoexpresstheloveforourmotherland WhileIhavetosaythatgettinginvolvedinsportscompetitionisnotnecessarilyasafewaytoreleasesuchemotion Thefollowingaretheexplanationsandexamples 45 Howtowritethemainbody 这一部分主要是思路拓展 使内容逐渐从无到有 从有到多 从多到精 备考过程中要善于寻找话题的共性 并进行有针对性的练习 六大层次分析法 八面玲珑拓展法 46 传统的方法 Brainstorming 47 关于论据 evidence Wildanimalshavenoplaceinthe21stcenturyandtryingtoprotecttheseanimalsisawasteofresources Doyouagreeordisagree Wecanhardlyimaginewhatourlifewillbelikewithoutwildanimals Forexample ifthereisnocat therewillbemoremice Theincreaseinthenumberofmicewillresultinthereductionoffoodresourcesandthespreadofdiseases Thus itisveryimportanttoprotectanimals 48 49 关于论证 argument 常用的论证手法 explanation 解释说明 emphasis 强调论证 exemplification 举例说明 causeandeffect 因果论证 factsandstatistics 事实和统计数据 comparisonandcontrast 比较与对比 concessionandrefutation 让步与反驳 classification 分类 definition 下定义 analogy 比喻 50 段落写作初级版 Topicsentece supportingsentencesTherearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanimproveourEnglish Aboveall weshouldreadasmanyEnglishbooks newspapersandmagazinesaspossible Next wemaylistentoEnglishprogramsontheradioorwatchEnglishprogramsonTVeveryday Besides itisnecessaryforustoseizeeveryopportunitytospeakEnglishbothinandafterclass Finally itisequallyimportanttoformthehabitoftakingnotesandkeepingadiaryinEnglish 51 段落写作升级版 Topicsentence 2 3Supportingsentences Minorexample Flow back 52 段落写作练习 相对而言 单独学习可以节省时间 然而在团队中学习 可以节省金钱 通常情况下 学生单独学习 可以更好地集中注意力 因为没有人打扰他 但是他的花费也更高 比如说 一个学生参加VIP课程 花费肯定大大高于集体授课 这就像打的和坐公交车的区别一样 53 Comparatively studyingalonecansavetime whilestudyinginagroupcansavemoney Usually ifastudentstudiesalone hecanconcentratebetter becausenobodycandisturbhim buthemustpaymoremoney Forexample whensomestudentstakeaone to oneVIPcourse theexpenseismuchhigherthanthatofbigclass Itisjustlikethedifferencebetweentakingataxiandcatchingabus 54 ThesisstatementvsTopicsentece Thesisstatement 宽泛 范围大 unifyingforceoftheessayTopicsentence 具体 范围小 unifyingforceoftheparagraphTopicsentencesoftenactliketinythesisstatements 55 Topicsentence的2个作用 Itrelatestheparagraphtotheessay sthesis andtherebyactsasasignpostfortheargumentofthepaperasawhole Italsodefinesthescopeoftheparagraphitself 56 结尾段的写法 常言道 编筐编篓 全在收口 一篇优秀的文章其结构和气势应为 虎头 牛身 豹尾 Justaseveryessayhasaclearbeginning itshouldhaveaclearending Thelastparagraph alsoknownastheconclusion shouldmakeyouressaysoundfinished 考生所写文章往往由于时间紧张而导致 虎头 蛇尾 57 Summarystatement 论点论据论证 58 结尾段的作用 1 突出主要论点 强化主题 Overall mylifeoncampusisreallycolorfulandmeaningful 2 总结概括全文 得出结论 Allinall travelingonone sownhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages 3 表达自己观点 阐述立场 Fromwhathavebeendiscussedabove ItakethepositionthatatestofspokenEnglishisextremelynecessaryanditshouldbeincludedinTOEFL 59 Conclusion的构成 Theconcludingparagraphtypicallyhastwoparts 1 Thesummarystatementisoneortwosentenceswhichrestatethethesisinafreshwaytoreinforcetheessay smainidea 2 Theclincherisafinalthoughtwhichshouldcreatealastingimpressiononthereader 60 结尾段的常用写作方法 总结结论summarystatement 举例子clincher反问结尾clincher引言结论clincher提倡号召clincher 61 Summarystatement ThesisStatement ManyAmericansarebuyingtheToyotaCorollabecauseofitscompetitiveprice fueleconomy andhighresalevalue SummaryStatement Reasonablepricing moremilespergallon andanattractiveresalevaluehaveallcontributedtothepopularityoftheToyotaCorollaintoday smarket ThesisStatement SanFranciscoisastimulatingplacetovisitbecauseofitsmagnificentlocation itstheatersandartgalleries anditsmanyfinerestaurants SummaryStatement Ifyoulovebeautifulsurroundings worldclasstheaterandart andanexquisitemeal thenSanFranciscoistheplaceforyoutogo 62 总结结论句 常用句型Allthingsconsidered personally Ithink believe Ihold taketheattitude positionthat 举例Tosumup theadvantagesof faroutnumber outweighthedisadvantages Allthingsconsidered thebenefitsof aremorethantheproblems Havingtakenallthefactorsintoconsideration wecanseethatdoingsomethingdoesmoregoodthanharmtothesociety 63 举例子法 只要我们每个人都意识到毒品的危害性 学校和家长给予正确的引导和教育 媒体进行正面的宣传 我相信青少年吸毒问题一定可以得到解决 我们也就可以挽救更多的像马拉多纳那样的足球天才 64 Aslongaseveryoneisawareofthegreatharmofdrugs schoolandfamilygiveteenagerscorrectguidanceandmediaconductspositiveadvertising Idobelievetheproblemofyoungsters drugaddictionwillbesolvedsoon Consequently moretalentslikeMaradonacanbesaved 65 反问结尾法 常用句型 Don tyouthinkitisnecessaryforusto Don tyouthinkitishigh abouttimethatwedidsth Don tyouagreewithmyidea opinionthat 举例 Don tyouthinkitishightimethatwetookeffectiveactionstofightagainstfakecommoditiesinthemarket Don tyouagreewithmyideathatatestoforalEnglishshouldbeincludedinTOEFL 66 引言结论法 举例 Truefriendshipcannotbeboughtwithmoney Theproverb Afriendinneedisafriendindeed isreallytrue Nothingcancomparetoadog sdedication intelligenceandfriendship Becauseadogoffersallthesewonderfulqualities Irealizeonceagainwhypeoplesaythat Adogisman sbestfriend 67 提倡号召法 常用句型Let sjoinintheeffortstodo Let ssparenoeffortstodo Let stakeeffectivemeasurestodo Let stakeimmediateactionstodo Let stakepracticalstepstodo 举例 Let sjoininoureffortstofightagainstthefakecommoditiesandprotecttheinterestsofpeople Let ssparenoeffortstoprotectourenvironmentfrombeingfurtherdamagedandsaveourplanet 68 高分作文语言要求 69 1 准确 用词和句式多样 使用能够吸引考官目光的闪光词 用形象 具体的下义词替换宽泛的上义词 举例 Itis therefore hightimethatsomeapplicableapproacheswereimplementedbytheserviceindustry Bydoingso itscompetitiveedgewillbesharpenedeffectively Applicable替换proper Approaches替换ways Implement替换carryout sharpenone scompetitiveedge替换enhanceone scompetitiveness 70 2 连贯 流畅 通顺 思路 内容 Organizingideasbeforestartingtowrite语言 形式 1 文连 linkingwords2 意连 伏笔 照应3 修辞 对仗 排比 押韵 Nopains nogains Smellsmellyandtastetasty 71 3 新颖 生动 地道 倒装 虚拟语气 长句 主从句 短句 简单句 交叉应用 是否经典句式等 使用插入语 把副词 连接词 比如 however therefore forexample Ibelieve等 作插入语放在中间 一般放在主语 动词或者助动词后 两边分别加上逗号 举例 Otherindividuals however taketheattitudethat 72 如何闪光 Smokingisharmfultopeople shealth Thereare3 295 000peoplewhodieofsmokingeveryyearintheworld Thenumberofpeoplewhodiedofsmokingincreasedfrom3 295 000to8 750 000between1990and2005 Thenumberofpeoplewhodiedofsmokingincreasedsharplyfrom3 295 000to8 750 000between1990and2005 AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyWHO theWorldHealthOrganization thenumberofpeoplewhodiedofsmokingincreasedsharplyfrom3 295 000to8 750 000between1990and2005 whichequalstothetotalpopulationofIraq 73 4 精炼 简化并列句 复合句非谓语动词 with的复合结构 独立主格结构的应用 74 1 简化并列句 并列句简化成含有复合主语 复合谓语 复合宾语或插入语的简单句 Jimisasalesman andheisalsoanamateurphotographer Jimisasalesmanandanamateurphotographer Hecomplainsmuch butheworkslittle Hecomplainsmuchbutworks