语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognitionppt课件

.,Chaptersixlanguageandcognition,In1950s,ChomskyandthecognitiverevolutionIn1960s,.Inthe1970sand1980s,LinguistscognitivelinguisticsPsychologistspsycholinguisticspsychologyoflanguage,.,6.1whatiscognition?,Definitions1)psychologically,it2)itisThreeapproachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition:TheformalapproachThepsychologicalapproachTheconceptualapproach,.,Thepsychologicalapproachandtheconceptualapproachtothestudyoflanguageandcognitionwillbemainlydiscussedinthischapter.Inotherwords,psycholinguisticsandcognitivelinguisticswillbefocusedoninthischapter.,.,Theconceptualapproach,Cognitivelinguisticshasaddressed:1)2)3)4)Aboveall,itseekstoascertaintheglobalintegratedsystemofconceptualstructuringinlanguage.,.,6.2whatispsycholinguistics?,DefinitionGeneralproblemsunderthestudyofpsycholinguistics?ItstheoreticalbasesLinguistically,Psychologically,Sixresearchsubjectswithinit:specificproblems,.,Sixresearchsubjectswithinit,1)acquisition2)comprehension3)production4)disorders5)languageandthought6)neurocognitionWewillfocusontheformerthreesubjects,say,acquisition,comprehensionandproduction.,.,6.2.1languageacquisition,AcentraltopicinpsycholinguisticsThedifferenceinthemediumofthestudyoflanguageacquisition,pastNowStagesintheprocessoflanguageacquisitionbychildren(1)holophrasticstage(2)two-wordstage(3)stageofthree-wordutterances(4)fluentgrammaticalconversationstage,.,6.2.2languagecomprehension,Similarityandfrequencybothplayimportantrolesinprocessingandcomprehendinglanguage,withthenovelitemsbeingprocessedbasedontheirsimilaritytotheknownones.Comprehensionofspokenandwrittenlanguage1.wordretrievalandrecognition2.sentenceparsing3.textualinterpretation,.,(1)Wordrecognition,Recognitionofspokenwordsandwordsinprint1.recognitionofspokenwords1)Featuresofspeechcouldcausedifficultyforlisteners.(1).(2).(3).,.,2).Theoriesconcerningtherecognitionofspokenwords,(1).Cohortmodel(交股模型）(2).Theinteractivemodel(3).Theracemodel3).listenersknowledgeoflanguageanditspatternsfacilitatesperceptioninsomeways.(1).(2).,.,2.Recognitionofwordsinprint,1).Twoquestionsinprintedwordrecognition(1).TwodifferentprocessesforAlexicalrouteAnon-lexicalrouteConnectionisttheories（连接主义模型理论）claimthat(2).Quantitativeanalyses,.,Thecomparisonofrecognitionofspokenwordsandprintedones,Spokenwordrecognitionisgenerallyconsideredasequentialprocess.Thatofprintedwordsisinterpreteddifferentlybytheconnectionistmodelsandthedual-routemodels.Butoncethevisualrepresentationsprovidedbyprintrapidlymakecontactwiththerepresentationsstoredinthementallexicon,theprinciplesandprocessingproceduresinspokenandwrittenwordsrecognitionaremuchthesame.,.,(2)Comprehensionofsentences,Psycholinguistshaveaddressedthephenomenaofsentencecomprehensionindifferentways.1).Serialmodels2).ParallelmodelsStructuralfactorsincomprehensionofsentences1).minimalattachmentwhichdefines“structuralsimpler”2).“Gardenpath”LexicalfactorsincomprehensionInformationaboutspecificwordsisstoredinthelexicon.,.,(3)Comprehensionoftext,Textisthenetofpropositionsthatmakeupthesemanticinterpretationsofindividualsentences.Textordiscoursemakescontactwithknowledgeinreaderslong-termmemoryandmaterialsintroducedearlierinadiscourse.Theinterpretationoftextcomprehensionintheframeworkofresonancemodel.,.,6.2.3languageproduction,Languageproductioninvolves1.generationofsinglewords2.generationofsimpleutterancesDifferentmappingsinlanguagecomprehensionandinlanguageproductionDiscussions:A.productionofwordsorally,B.productionoflongerutterances,C.thedifferentrepresentationsandprocessesinvolvedinspokenproductionandwrittenproduction.,.,(1)Accesstowords,Stepsinvolvedintheplanningofwords:1.processingstep,calledconceptualization,2.toselectawordthatcorrespondstothechosenconcept.3.morpho-phonologicalencodingGenerally,morphemesareaccessedinsequence,accordingtotheirorderintheutterance.,.,(2)Generationofsentences,1.conceptualpreparation2.aglobalplan3.linguisticplanning,.,Twodistinctsetsofprocessesareinvolvedingeneratingsyntacticstructure.Thefirstset,Thesecondsetofprocesses,Speecherrorsareonepieceofevidenceforthedistinctionbetweenfunctionalandpositionalprocesses.Errorsoffunctionalencoding:exchangesofwordsfromdifferentphrases.e.g:“putthetablesontheplate”,“puttheplatesonthetable”.Errorswithdifferentproperties:shiftsofmorphemeswithinphrases(errorsofpositionalencoding)“thecomehomingofthequeen”,“thecominghomeofthequeen”.,.,(3)Writtenlanguageproduction,Thestepsintheproductionofwrittenlanguagearesimilartothoseintheproductionofspokenlanguage.AmajordifferenceisWhenato-be-spelledwordisnotpresentedorally,itsphonologicalformappearstobeinvolvedintheselectionofthespelling.,.,6.3Whatiscognitivelinguistics?,Whatiscognitivelinguistics?Arevolutionagainstformallinguistics,.,6.3.1construalandconstrualoperation,ThedefinitionofconstrualThedefinitionofconstrualoperation从不同方面对语言表达方式进行识解(语言识解原则）（1）（2）（3）,.,6.3.2categorization,Thedefinition3levelsincategorization（1）（2）（3）家具-椅子-三条腿的椅子、6条腿的椅子,.,6.3.3Imageschemas,ThedefinitionTypesofschema(1)(2)(3)(4）(5)(6)(7)(8)(9),.,6.3.4metaphor,ThedefinitionClassificationofconceptualmetaphors1).实体/本体隐喻在这类隐喻概念中，人们将抽象的和模糊的思想、感情、心理活动、事件、状态等无形的概念看作是具体的、有形的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论，量化，识别其特征及原因等。2)结构隐喻以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念，使两种概念相叠加，将谈论一种概念的各方面的词语用于谈论另一概念，于是产生了一词多用的现象。3)方位隐喻指参照空间方位而组建的一系列隐喻概念。,.,6.3.5metonymy,ThedefinitionThemodelsofmetonymy1)2)3)4)5)6),.,Thestudyofthesecondone,两个常见概念构形：(1)(2),.,(1)WholeICManditspart(s),iiiiiiivvvivii,.,PartsofanICM,iiiiiiivvviviixiiiixx,.,6.3.6Blendingtheory,IntroductionConditionsmetwhentwoinputspacesareblended.(1)(2)(3)(4)(a)(b)(c),.,一般来说，概念融合至少涉及四个空间：两个输