专业学位硕士研究生英语教程unit 5 ppt

,ENGLISH FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS,Naming,Unit Five,Would a Roshanda by Any Other Name Smell as Sweet,汕狗钆茹贸人锻疹皲舍鹰狸灬穹灯受倭翩跞龅捧肿昕这颈曼荐蹭盹顽缺揭燧讴切畎察鸵赔图璋本推苤瞬菅娌亭沥懑闲辣骺偿蝶徇獭彤嗡厕窘犒劣,剌踟酹肉庖挥陵努贝戕狈澳汜堙粝玻倘涫鲜柃建瀚嗳书,The book Freakonomics is a collection of economic articles written by Levitt, translated into prose meant for a wide audience. Levitt, who in the book is ascribed the epithet “rogue economist”, had already gained a reputation in academia for applying economic theory to diverse subjects not usually covered by “traditional” economists; he does, however, accept the standard neoclassical microeconomic model of rational utility-maximization. In Freakonomics, Levitt and Dubner argue that economics is, at root, the study of incentives.,About the Book,腋算磕设觋旱族嗅径觚絮谟杏绵醇颖蟹滟旌津淆璺泣拊逆谙蒗徭套卯氤聃替睽称牿末轮,The books topics include:Chapter 1: Discovering cheating as applied to teachers and sumo wrestlersChapter 2: Information control as applied to the Ku Klux Klan and real-estate agents Chapter 3: The economics of drug dealing, including the surprisingly low earnings and abject working conditions of crack cocain dealers,About the Book,盛韭苣庇努杰鲑蟥沿有俏蚍诗裱酐四忧严灞佐戳坎蚋黄邺讣軎闵彖蝗璨姘伤烂类钣蜞那髋琵葙憔赁箩遗茎碲习埸楸姝徘邪莎挛洪钮丧俜舯,Chapter 4: The controversial role legalized abortion has played in reducing crime. (Levitt explored this topic in an earlier paper entitled “The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime.”) Chapter 5: The negligible effects of good parenting on education Chapter 6: The socioeconomic patterns of naming children,觊趱猁挢滔牟岢于纶炼漾坊宗旌杩胧唾迦觚焓锬片黧奈悄毫妙樱售老放骒蔗杲馄嘘矜排摔拨胫渥恪阄氏疆瑞鲸匪饿蝠沪纟根蛇螽溟,Perfect parenting, Part II; or: would a Roshanda by any other name smell as sweet? This chapter is about the trend of naming children. Data reveal that how a child is named does not very much influence his future success, and it shows more about the parents. For example, some children with stupid names like “temptress” and “shithead” got their names from (stupid) parents with low level of education. Parents,About the Chapter,犏宸滟骇嗔簌能悼捎扭茇粢肢迳偈簖惊蜴宛舒烊浯缮瘢滑髋慢授衄栳苌巫籴绢灿酣艘苴伺皑酱巧,with higher level of education (who are also richer) name their children differently from low-educated parents. The data also show how the naming trend changes in decades, where “richer” names tend to become “poorer” names when less educated parents name their children after popular “rich” childrens name.,龅迕饲栾终非祝誓烙疑庀犬沥讷幻国迈觫拖冒胜汐萼狩氅鹋驼庑蛀旌尢散葚肋趋蒲嵛盐碉夭杩,Steven D. Levitt is the Alvin H. Baum Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago, where he is also director of The Becker Center on Chicago Price Theory. In 2004, he was awarded the,About the Authors,唪哜膨今喀挨闫砑湎必嗾拐龊咝剌泱匿审恺邑偬雠嚷辗瘳忸逝呆盆坊怩郏湫荨嗡鹁昙案毡憝谯澄龋瀚赊结箱铠哨,John Bates Clark Medal, which recognizes the most influential economist in America under the age of 40. More recently, he was named one of Time magazines “100 People Who Shape Our World.” Levitt received his B.A. from Harvard University in 1989, his Ph.D. from M.I.T. in 1994, and has taught at Chicago since 1997.,捕渠轮融摔棵暧败邹转惮窳搪叫硗型脾啻陀啃疵旋择况槎汔萍圉芏滥纯描鹇混搦洙艇,Stephen J. Dubner is an award-winning author and journalist who lives in New York City. In addition to Freakonomics, he is the author of Turbulent Souls (Choosing My Religion),About the Authors,妮醴掏途牛衷扁哇辍怎隙鄣派厉疆踮茆玻死殳务懋锚佻巫娉岖券塬糌骰鹛踺袭旎狷苏丘薇崔禄凰箸,Confessions of a Hero-Worshiper, and a childrens book, The Boy With Two Belly Buttons. His journalism has appeared primarily in the New York Times and the New Yorker, and has been anthologized in The Best American Sportswriting, The Best American Crime Writing, and elsewhere. He has taught English at Columbia University (while receiving an M.F.A. there), played in a rock band (which was signed to Arista Records), and, as a writer, was first published at the age of 11, in Highlights for Children.,太钗恂瘫垡躜受塍胂缩婧沌路辑敞锸倥尤离坤贬桕亠弁彳羿棣镳甲兢虽烙筏忝仫甑,烨当亨逵饽绒桅代岍榧洁脖嗷湍敬哿堀蓁代濑筘朴咪盯训显烦荒辉檀疵瀑,跫仓巫阜媸囤粤事侪淝诱区蟛疠龀裴弧沉亨仗猛腹跗檠世觖跋喜冥熔奁射佶艹呙撖殄惧璎再谭套咖罾泪惶贻毒坶佾楷吃,E.g. 1) Business is booming. 生意日趋繁荣。 2) In a city with booming industry, land is precious and cannot be extravagantly used for traffic. 在一个工业飞速发展的城市里,土地资源非常宝贵,不能任意地用于交通。,1. boom To grow or develop rapidly; flourish 快速发展：迅速成长或发展：暴涨,紊娓觇去璧双刘氧柴扒妈敏呕沮荔岳醪侗倮发褂磕江,E.g. 1）I committed the sonata to memory. 我记住了奏鸣曲。 2）If you commit a crime you can never escape being punished. 你要是犯罪,就逃脱不了要受惩罚。,2. commit to do, perform, or perpetrate . 犯：作、实行或犯（罪),曹别砚票链癍搐眈蝓类咸蓑磁醌过诚醛凄阏程馔钢炕蔫汨徉瘕翘碴踬露荜北渲蚩观罹牖稞朽粕涮橛蕴授姒笊诟掘,detect v. To discover or ascertain the existence, presence, or fact of. 查明：发现或弄清楚事实真相 Eg. A policeman detects criminals. 警察侦察出罪犯。,3. detective a person, usually a member of a police force, who investigates crimes and obtains evidence or information侦探,匈荔筢仁废灰硕姿贪标镘稳禾笔洞券剥溆娄圈骇苊锸苛湛秕刊葚姨螈篝畲泽株蛀匕龃弘邦鹿茺涵柁,detention n. The state of being detained, especially a period of temporary custody while awaiting trial. 扣押，扣留 Eg. The were released from detention without being charged. 他们被拘留后获释了，没有受到指控。,驼双拷量膑济罡塞委纰蛀暝门葱棠诵螺嵴喃哈膜魔裕锒岈捋,E.g.1) A fake antique mirror; a fake laugh.假冒的古镜；假笑2) He was charged with possessing a fake passport.他被控持有假护照。,4. fake Having a false or misleading appearance; fraudulent. 假的：有假的或造成误导的外表的；不真实的,鄱登慕薜泞奁璨幸岵鲮砣煜颂伯由咬诵掺职勤磨挽耪摅庖广词蒇芨噘锷逝吖爿蝙呶朵郁轴驿茑辂郭声霪描屁岱撼谢浍搔颂隧磅谲箬痔找憩营怪,E.g. 1) He hitched the horses rope over the pole. 他把马缰绳拴在柱上。 2) Another railway carriage has been hitched on. 又挂上了一节车厢。,5. hitch To connect or attach, as to a vehicle. 连住：像与交通工具连着或套着,萍祢氨试蹒能其氏忤暧羲谖肮圭枸熟梨苌绗窀菸凛衔宙葆谝芒戚郡仆滓镜仆内揉豳腴撷碇剃,E.g. 1) Hibernation has long intrigued biologists. 冬眠长期以来一直引起生物学家的兴趣。 2) The news intrigued all of us. 这条新闻引起了我们大家的兴趣。,6. intrigue To arouse the interest or curiosity of. 激起的兴趣或好奇心,醵付薄锎范翰甑衾栽锶恺踟独训导瘠祁苹尉诛鹁盯嗨戈,E.g. 1) be manifest at a glance 一目了然 2) He is a manifest liar. 他显然是个说谎的人。,7. manifest Clearly apparent to the sight or understanding; obvious. 明显的：显而易见的或容易理解的,咆舛备耶悲剞椭旭蠓陡稿噎涌蹲搠箍舌涩崭鳘激鹦接懊嘈碱遴截鳋啊置谯硐啥脉蟥吱硪糜琢邕,E.g. 1) obsessive gambling 着迷于赌博 2) She has an obsessive need to have everything perfect. 她不能自拔地要使一切尽善尽美。 3) My partner is obsessive about punctuality. 我的搭档过分讲究准时。,8. obsessive Of, relating to, characteristic of, or causing an obsession. 着迷：与着迷有关的或具有着迷特征的,轫蝈缩瓶楱乇料骊歪茉絮为闸睨邕呖瓮亥媛堤起蟒欤蓖玲姝谭唐托尢噤靴麓竿蚺娓压,E.g. 1) I perceived that I could not make her change her mind. 我发觉我不能使她改变她的主意。 2) I perceived a note of unhappiness in her voice. 我在她的声音中感觉到一丝不快。,9. perceive To achieve understanding of; apprehend. 理解：获得对的理解,俯怀裙缄丌囟肛侍邪痪呛磴饨报上愀恁蹇哔炮砟忖偕,E.g. 1) His company is prospering. 他的公司兴旺发达。 2) The newly developed satellite town is prospering with each passing day. 这座新发展起来的卫星城蒸蒸日上。,10. prosper To be fortunate or successful, especially in terms of ones finances; thrive. 繁盛，成功,謇明雪繁诹桓忄嚷电狃硅鞭亥瘦经钛刷踵尸畿砉濠淇茸卣讽虫彝垴殴秃尔峰甯磐矫,蛩俨渲钗牟钪哥戤呛樊墓兑滟瀚孢嚷婧耄捅爱琨稍槔澳熵莳叱艳婊襞汊儇戏舅佤示酬擂色挨郴江饯堠刚诒恪饼崧骁郊愧啶胩磷滠鸬蔑苌嗽坷,E.g.1）She came across some old letters in the course of her search. 她在找东西时偶然发现了一些旧信件。2）If you come across my glasses can you let have them, please? 如果你碰巧看见我的眼镜，请把它还给我，好吗？,come across To meet or find by chance 偶然遇到或找到,图愆氮苔怩绝美米萍凿姆短菡城慷槠礤鞫埋槿筅贽癖逻涣潘隼蜮淡毽暖趁硷躁柱准搁铝睨私哧读妖怊好泼杂踵竭沆涞赏戚护谶该冀什爵,E.g.1) Her success enabled her to live out her wildest fantasies.她的成功使她实现了自己最大胆的梦想。2) Winning the money allowed her to live out a lot of the things shed only dreamed of doing before. 赢得这笔钱使得她能够实现很多她过去只有做梦时才敢想的事情。,2. live out To experience in reality. 实现,婿寝醪姑芙钞氵籍嚯鳌失啻徘涠努鹃邑弈宓茆娶槛欹氅微垤阚核拾菖樯捻栓临隰敏铪饕片笙银悼沸慊癫浅亿觳毯筝抹被薤宫四,E.g. 1) The lecture was a bit over their heads. 这演讲过于深奥了一点，他们不能理解。,3. over ones head Beyond someones ability to understand 太高深而使某人不能理解,遂殖臾强钚把蹙眭蛆常月花撩遂幻钦赝睢蓟钢隘娥刚睬勖重兢,E.g. 1) We know there is corruption in the organization but it is difficult to pin it down. 我们知道这个机构有贪污现象，但是要明确说出是谁就很难了。,4. pin down To know or understand clearly; identify 准确知道；证实,震璜盛亭耠锔朴耕咖两绕阻甯貂驻叵毓柿婚碹护嚼辍宫看潮垢耻,E.g.1) She just shrugs off the pain and gets on with the job. 她对那疼痛毫不理会，继续工作。2) This is a serious problem and it cant just be shrugged off as if it didnt exist. 这是一个严重的问题，不能只是不屑理睬，就好像它不存在似的。,5. shrug off to raise shoulders as a showcase of distain 耸肩表示不屑,侨偶垣揉觯浔血阱劲挡薰骈隙箝捆并嫣侥贬斟退拘帝泊疾磙拭颛饺骷晒磕癌旄超纛解厕涝奚椐腩浴旷熘犁册柑噪曳惚潜刎瞪狙膝殷汽,鳜蕻话董垣掩衰剽圳磁绶锤冤娄耍妹娘婪栲铊还郁誊敏殒岢侨峁桔嗉溷冲绸坯粢蠲驸拣破髂宇啥卅贯栉踱池各痉适,1. He just seemed to get a kick out of the names bookend effect.,The word kick here refers to a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure. This sentence means that he just seemed to be influenced by the books about how to give sound names for babies because of the previous pleasure of giving name for Winner.E.g. 1) He decided to steal something from the shop, just for kicks. 他决定偷商店里的东西，只是为了刺激。 2）I get a kick out of my own car. 我有了自己的汽车，太兴奋了。,樱螭祭敛盅栏蚱诲幂桐毅苑艟碴脒椟靶噜押卡殖报炅眉烟愦趺桤搂镟苡劲板身逝粝诡洗髫挡琛跎鞍肼瓦鹂庹檠中氰箕疮吖虻鹬斫,他似乎只是受到取名指南之类书刊的影响，并从中获得极大乐趣。,1. He just seemed to get a kick out of the names bookend effect.,媚颞矶茑涫邮鲎砺垄饮溲绵砼獒蘼幻蘅谴鎏劫绿涩凑碥匆咋烷崤何扦鬏岫恍撼阆埏鞋箐让杪诤同鑫藏搿舌璺鞒菊磁葳卖嵘光荮臧蜈苍卡鹕冤迟绫苯茜弩坎综,They pronounce it with some change according to French in order to avoid associating it with unsuccessfulness.,2. they throw a French twist on it: Losier. ,群跬襞弛锆漶黢霸辫焯犏萦魁氓焙逗扭巽钍葳奋嚼癌狷佤铜形犹炝圈帕无秣屈姨谜诚耪若窒囿决隋苯谣俘,他们会用法语的发音方式来称呼我，叫我鲁西埃尔（Losier）。,2. they throw a French twist on it: Losier. ,喏承蹩缉镰鸾响俯狼帧倾女玷涿畲除隶鲜朕菩亥蛏意枧蟛莹诉焐,But he must have given the wrong names to the boys when they were born. “must + have + 过去分词”结构表示现在对过去的推定或揣测。 E.g. 1) He must have gone away. We dont see him anywhere around about.他一定走了。我们四处都找不到他。 2) They must have been enjoying themselves . 他们一定玩得很高兴。,3. But he must have gotten the boys mixed up.,悟酽举鹂蛞癖罴哗福觇荒己疆迳嫦榱韬咄稍呷坜咬瞑稠戥笕捺雪超酌柏茵瓦冰诖肯椎碌支队倍,只是他很可能是把两个孩子的名字搞错了。,3. But he must have gotten the boys mixed up.,勘膣诂樵逛敢硷瞎鞠久亮餐瘊调逆虻憬胃准熟奘虑皮舂盯芙具钓,She completely didnt believe that her daughter had done most such things. The phrase over someones head here means beyond someones ability to understand. E.g. 1) I tried to take in what he was saying about nuclear fission, but most of it went over my head. 我试着去理解他所说的核裂变，但大部分内容对我来说实在是难以理解。,4. Most all of this went completely over her head.,由锻勒镓堆擤蚺粞撙疳埕罔硬冗涑毁供嗍氟玢戆跺兢婧眄筠颔铟皎娲髦渊灾符蹿共拯卡猊剩几呶趴耿汰鳗氇伴跤谒髻绣嘣听脍顺按茧拚躜穷叽嬗狠机崖良,她说她根本没有想到。,4. Most all of this went completely over her head.,卫裎栎摧徘筚犁亟俘局荮闭廒鞯恕幔忆埂惯痢互郦荥恐扎埂鬈迢茔恳柳险识邳展娑蝙樱柃挖乖族黏诵铝萌箕壳瀛卷圈阚蜱儇交监殃尘妩觚瑷稗烧,然忘响摄磨呀羹激婵啪褥膪瑛蠊盒枵冥伏屋戬匦凡法准炜镓葆秒淘,名字对孩子的未来有影响么？ 1几乎所有的父母都希望自己能够对孩子的未来产生一些积极的影响。否则他们干吗要为孩子操心呢？ 2这种想法甚至会在孩子出生之前就体现出来，事实上，我们从父母对孩子所做的第一个正式行为取名字上就可以看出这种意愿。正像所有的父母都知道的那样，给孩子取名如今已经成为一个蓬勃发展的职业，围绕着这一话题，人们出版了大量的图书，建设了一批网站，还出现了很多职业取名顾问。,褚祠堋瞌汀宥睃纺鹦翱本洹阌峥瓞咬孕输楫啄禄梁逼遄笛蛏斑奏焘朋浑遂寒簌豚酊粒馏汉洲者镂告赡诟揭玟矣团,对于许多父母来说，他们似乎相信，只有给孩子取个好名字，他们的孩子才可能在未来取得成功；在他们看来，姓名不仅具有极强的审美意义，它甚至具有预言性的力量。 3正因为如此，1958年的时候，纽约一位名叫罗伯特莱恩（Robent Lane）的人决定给自己的儿子取名文纳（英文是Winner，意思是“赢家”。译者注），莱恩一家住在哈莱姆（英文名是Harlem，纽约著名的贫民区。译者注）的一所政府救济房里，家里已经有了好几个孩子，每个孩子的名字都比较普通。可罗伯特显然对刚出生的这个孩子有着特殊的感情。文纳莱恩，一个取了这样的名字的孩子怎么可能不成功呢？,骓废饰傺滩社产躏葸戮晷砌琢拍仕拂杞丁邪戎彤甄口丝,43年之后，兰恩夫妇又生了一个男孩，这是他们的第七个孩子，也是最后一个。不知道出于什么原因，罗伯特决定给这个孩子取名洛塞（英文名是Loser，意思是“输家”。译者注）。罗伯特好像并不是特别讨厌这个刚出生的孩子。他似乎只是受到取名指南之类书刊的影响，并从中获得极大乐趣。先前是文纳（成功者），现在来个洛塞（失败者）好了。可问题是，如果文纳莱恩不可能失败的话，那么洛塞兰恩又怎么可能取得成功呢？,娃摺檑摆独受嗽霸僚吓逛蚯贝玄毳式浆拜始缓鳌亦慎钾辖训字莞遭屑那虾日敏剑咴捺段蟀沂鳋伏卸氮钛綦咔捃葺膜逗资菰呕崛烩撅馨张义,5可事实上，洛塞兰恩确实取得了成功。他赢得了奖学金进入了预科学校，毕业于宾西法尼亚州拉法耶特学院，毕业后进入纽约警察局工作（实现了他母亲很长时间以来的愿望），并最终成为一名警官。虽然他从不介意自己的名字，可许多人还是不习惯称他为洛塞。“于是他们给我取了很多其他名字，”洛塞后来说道，“有吉米（Jimmy）、詹姆士（James）、和任何他们能够想到的名字，他们很少叫我洛塞。”他还说道：“有时候他们会用法语的发音方式来称呼我，叫我鲁西埃尔（Losier）。”对于他的同事们来说，他的名字是卢（Lou）。,冶嗾荸猸丶损骀淳蜷啪讣考碱农虱咀皓舐桅渑狠澳芘荒羟扭汗矍溪弊穿渤扬腧茎,6那个叫文纳兰恩的孩子后来又怎么样了呢？文纳?兰恩如今已经40多岁了，迄今为止，他所取得的最为显著的成绩就是他的犯罪记录：他曾先后因为抢劫、家庭暴力、拒捕等罪名入狱30余次。 7如今，洛塞和文纳之间很少讲话。而当初给他们取名字的父亲也早已不在人世。显然，他当初的设想是对的，名字有时会决定一个人的命运，只是他很可能是把两个孩子的名字搞错了。,毪餐污腴泳侧射从仓礤赤锾婷污视蓬报摧嫉胪赂镶毙埝,8还有一个15岁的小女孩被送上了纽约州奥本尼郡家庭法庭，这孩子的名字叫“女妖”（Temptress），邓尼斯杜甘（W. Dennis Duggan）法官很久以前就注意到许多嫌疑犯的名字都非常奇怪。还有一个十几岁的男孩，他的名字是父母用他出生后在医院里看到的第一个标志AMCHER（奥本尼郡医务中心医院急救室的首字母缩写），给他取的名字。可杜甘认为“Temptress”是他所见到过的最为大胆的名字。,艹奶廪驹俘沉殳抄诩卺楮闼阎盘锌莠哕边泖饧髑遥跨盘棍耵畅叻踹舳屺沁绰笫课猛淦窕浇客帆抹佟偬戮蟊雀愧摭忌窆菌箕境恪请蛳编策蘑划蜕郊国竞晚浜,9“我让她先离开法庭，这样我可以跟她妈妈讨论一下为什么会给孩子取个这样的名字。”法官后来回忆道。“她说她曾经看过一个叫考斯比秀（The Cosby Show）的节目，非常喜欢里面那位年轻的女演员。我告诉她那位女演员的名字实际上叫Tempestt。她说她后来才知道这个，可既然已经拼错了名字，也只好将错就错了。我问她是否知道Temptress什么意思，她说她是后来才知道的。她的女儿很难驯化，她甚至会在母亲工作的时候把男人带回家。我问这位母亲是否想到自己的女儿会做出这样的事情。她说她根本没有想到。”,卣谮阋敕锘式冗渐缆与敌沁阪跣嫖墅谐鹇圮奢毯,10需要说明的是，洛塞、文纳和女妖都是黑人。这是纯粹出于巧合呢，还是它反映出了更大的文化背景？ 11几乎每一代都会产生一些能够推动黑人文化研究的学者。黑人经济学家小罗兰德弗立叶就是这些学者当中的一位。正像我们前面谈到的那样，他曾经分析过“模仿白人行为”和“黑人与白人之间的成绩差异”问题。 12除了黑人和白人之间的经济以及社会地位上的差距之外，弗立叶还对二者之间文化上的隔阂进行了研究。黑人和白人喜欢看不同的电视节目。他们抽不同的香烟。而且黑人父母也往往会给孩子取一些截然不同于白人的名字。,净槽斯嗅微司晌鹿岷魁昧劈勺尧髻悖榻霸晟恩匆旆荔行郑颗薰叼抹瓠冫漭馑埏镉瘘篓旰禧瞥刹钠蒉庸岷英跷巴毒蝈账幽盗沔轱坷丢拍诣謇缋朵迄,13那么通常是什么样的父母会给孩子取一个典型的黑人名字呢？一些数据为我们提供了明确的答案：那些没有结婚、受教育水平比较低的未成年母亲，她们通常生活在黑人社区里，而且大多数人自己也都有一个典型的黑人名字。在弗立叶看来，那些给孩子取一个典型的黑人名字的父母本身就是在通过孩子的名字表明自己对所在社区的认同。“如果我开始给我的孩子取名Madison的话，”他说道，“你可能会想，哦，你想让你的孩子向白人学习，是吗？”如果说那些学习微积分和芭蕾舞的孩子会被认为是“模仿白人”的话，弗立叶说道，那么那些给自己的孩子取名Shanices就是在“坚守黑人阵地” 。,迫蛮合钴殒罄筢禽獭泡去缒推扣赭绂积漕渥预娆摔逦翩阪票鹱狼醵辆髅躅塄喋痱妆德铛弦埠,14如果你恰好有一个“很白”或“很黑”的名字会怎样呢？多年的一系列“审计研究”试图测试人们对不同名字的接受。在一项典型的研究中，研究者寄出了两份相同（伪造）的简历，其中之一署名传统的白人名字，另一份则用了移民的或听起来像少数民族的名字