景观规划建筑英语2ppt精选课件

.,.,WhatisLandscapeArchitecture?ByASLA,Unit1,.,1AlthoughthetermlandscapearchitecturewasinventedbyaScotsman(GilbertLaingMeason,in1828),itwasanAmerican(FrederickLawOlmsted)whogavebirthtothelandscapearchitectureprofession.WeshouldthereforepaycloseattentiontothedefinitionoftheprofessiongivenbytheAmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects(ASLA).Itwasasfollows:,尽管“风景园林”这个术语是由苏格兰人GL梅森于1828年创造的，但是风景园林职业的诞生却是由美国人FL奥姆斯特德促成的。因此，我们应该更多关注由美国风景园林师协会（ASLA）对风景园林做出的定义。它是这样描述的：,.,AProfessionInDemand,需求量大的职业,.,2Fromcitycouncilroomstocorporateboardrooms,thereisincreasingdemandtodayfortheprofessionalservicesoflandscapearchitects.Thistrendreflectsthepublicsdesireforbetterhousing,recreationalandcommercialfacilities,anditsexpandedconcernforenvironmentalprotection.Residentialandcommercialrealestatedevelopers,federalandstateagencies,cityplanningcommissions,andindividualpropertyownersareallamongthethousandsofpeopleandorganizationsinAmericaandCanadathatwillretaintheservicesofalandscapearchitectthisyear.,当前，从市政部门到公司企业，对于职业风景园林师的需求的越来越多。这个趋势反映了公众对居住环境、娱乐和商业设施更优化的需求，以及由其引起的对环境保护的关注。美国和加拿大今年就有数千个居住和商业地产开发商、国家和州机构、城市规划委员会，以及个人地产所有者请风景园林师为他们提供服务。,.,Morethananyoftheothermajorenvironmentaldesignprofessions,landscapearchitectureisaprofessiononthemove.Itiscomprehensivebydefinition-nolessthantheartandscienceofanalysis,planningdesign,management,preservationandrehabilitationoftheland.Inprovidingwell-manageddesignanddevelopmentplans,landscapearchitectsofferanessentialarrayofservicesandexpertisethatreducescostsandaddslong-termvaluetoaproject.,比起其他任何专业的环境设计职业，风景园林都是发展较最快的职业。从定义来看，它具有复杂性至少包括艺术、科学分析、规划设计、管理、土地保护和恢复等。风景园林师能够提供至关重要的专业服务，做出良好设计和开发方案，为项目减少投入并获得长期效益。,.,3Cleardifferencesdoexistsbetweenlandscapearchitectureandtheotherdesignprofessions.Architectsprimarilydesignbuildingsandstructureswithspecificuses,suchashomes,offices,schoolsandfactories.Civilengineersapplyscientificprinciplestothedesignofcityinfrastructuresuchasroads,bridges,andpublicutilities.Urbanplannersdevelopabroadoverviewofdevelopmentforentirecitiesandregions.,风景园林与其他设计职业确实存在明显的不同。建筑师主要设计具有特定功能的建筑和构筑物，比如住宅、办公楼、学校和工厂。市政工程师为城市基础设施做出符合科学原理的设计，比如道路、桥梁和公共设施。城市规划师为整个城市和区域做出总体规划策略。,.,Landscapearchitectstouchonalltheabovementioneddesignprofessions,integratingelementsfromeachofthem.Whilehavingaworkingknowledgeofarchitecture,civilengineeringandurbanplanning,landscapearchitectstakeelementsfromeachofthesefieldstodesignaestheticandpracticalrelationshipswiththeland.,风景园林师要与以上所有提及的设计职业相接触，综合每个职业的要素。风景园林师要具备建筑、市政工程和城市规划的知识，并利用这些领域的知识从审美和实践的角度对土地进行规划设计。,.,ADiverseProfession,多样性高的职业,.,4Landscapearchitectureisoneofthemostdiversifiedofthedesignprofessions.Landscapearchitectsdesignthebuiltenvironmentofneighborhoods,townsandcitieswhilealsoprotectingandmanagingthenaturalenvironment,fromitsforestsandfieldstoriversandcoasts.Membersoftheprofessionhaveaspecialcommitmenttoimprovingthequalityoflifethroughthebestdesignofplacesforpeopleandotherlivingthings.,风景园林是设计行业中多样性最高的职业之一。风景园林师设计建筑的外部环境、城镇和城市环境，并保护和管理从森林、农田到河流、海岸的自然环境。风景园林师承担着改善生活质量的特殊义务，他们通过设计为人类和其他生物提供最好的生活。,.,Infact,theworkoflandscapearchitectssurroundsus.Membersoftheprofessionareinvolvedintheplanningofsuchsitesasofficeplazas,publicsquaresandthoroughfares.Theattractivenessofparks,highways,housingdevelopments,urbanplazas,zoosandcampusesreflectstheskilloflandscapearchitectsinplanninganddesigningtheconstructionofusefulandpleasingprojects.,实际上，风景园林师的工作在我们身边无处不在。他们致力于场地的规划设计，比如公司广场、公共广场和道路环境等。迷人的公园、道路、居住环境、城市广场、动物园和校园能够反映出风景园林师在规划和设计这些实用且令人愉悦的项目方面所具备的能力。,.,5Fromcoasttocoast,ineveryregionoftheworld,examplesofthelandscapearchitectureprofessioncanbefound.Manylandscapearchitectsareinvolvedinsmallprojects,suchasdevelopingplansforanewcityparkorsiteplansforanofficebuilding,othermembersoftheprofessionhavecontributedtheirexpertisetonumerousprojectswhichinclude:,从西海岸到东海岸，在世界的每个区域都有风景园林的案例。一些风景园林师致力于小型项目的设计，例如为新的城市公园制定开发规划或办公建筑进行场地设计，还有一些风景园林师则致力于大量大尺度的规划项目，其中有：,.,PreservationofYosemiteParkandNiagaraFallsManagementplanfortheAlaskanMaritimeNationalWildlifeRefugeDesignoftheU.S.CapitolGroundsDesignofMountRoyalParkinMontreal,QuebecDevelopmentofStanfordUniversitysiteCreationofBostonsemeraldnecklaceofgreenspacestyingthecitytothesuburbsPlansforBaltimoresparksystemandInnerHarborarea,约瑟米蒂国家公园和尼亚加拉大瀑布的保护阿拉斯加国家海上野生动植物避难所管理规划美国国会大厦所在地规划加拿大蒙特利尔、魁北克皇家山公园斯坦福大学校园规划将城市与郊区相连的波士顿“翡翠项链”绿色空间规划巴尔的摩公园系统和内海湾规划,.,DesignofnewtownssuchasColumbia,Maryland,andReston,VirginiaLandfillreclamationforFreshKillsinNewYorkandDyerinFloridaPlansforGoldenGateNationalRecreationAreainSanFrancisco,CaliforniaSursumCordaAffordableHousing,Washington,D.C.DesignforwatertreatmentandparkfacilityinHillsboro,OregonMasterplanforKingSaudUniversityinSaudiArabiaRestorationofthelandscapealongtheBaltimore-WashingtonParkwayinMaryland,“新镇”设计，例如哥伦比亚、马里兰，以及弗吉尼亚的莱斯顿纽约清泉垃圾填埋场以及福罗里达州染厂景观改造加州旧金山金门国家休闲区规划华盛顿特区SursumCorda区可负担住房规划俄勒冈州Hillsboro水体净化和公园设计沙特阿拉伯绍德王大学总体规划马里兰州巴尔的摩-华盛顿公园道（景观路）景观恢复,.,6Dependingonthescopeoftheprojectforclients,rangingfromalocaldevelopertothefederalgovernment,landscapearchitectsmayplantheentirearrangementofasite,includingthelocationofbuildings,grading,stormwatermanagement,constructionandplanting.Theymayalsocoordinateteamsofdesign,constructionandcontractingprofessionals.,从客户委托项目涉及的范围来看，从地方开发者到联邦政府，风景园林师有能力规划场地中所有的内容，包括建筑选址、地形处理、雨水管理、施工及种植。他们还能够协调组织包括设计、施工包工在内的专业团队。,.,TracingtheProfessionsRoots,职业溯源,.,7Theoriginoftodaysprofessionoflandscapearchitecturecanbetracedtotheearlytreatmentsofoutdoorspacebysuccessiveancientcultures,fromPersiaandEgyptthroughGreeceandRome.DuringtheRenaissance,thisinterestinoutdoorspace,whichhadwanedduringtheMiddleAges,wasrevivedwithsplendidresultsinItalyandgaverisetoornatevillas,gardens,andgreatoutdoorpiazzas.,现今的风景园林职业起源可以追溯到，从波斯和埃及直至希腊和罗马的古代文明中，人们对室外环境的不断改善。文艺复兴期间人们对室外空间的热爱，经过中世纪的消退，又在意大利以辉煌的成就获得重生，产生了华丽的别墅、花园和壮观的户外广场。,.,8Theseprecedents,inturn,greatlyinfluencedthechateauxandurbangardensof17th-centuryFrance,wherelandscapearchitectureanddesignreachednewheightsofsophisticationandformality.Thedesignersbecamewell-known,withAndreleNotre,whodesignedthegardensatVersaillesandVaux-le-Vicomte,amongthemostfamousoftheearlyforerunnersoftodayslandscapearchitects.,这些先例，反过来极大地影响了17世纪法国城堡和城市花园，法国的风景园林和设计在复杂程度和形式上也达到了新的最高峰。设计师也因此而扬名，就像勒.诺特尔当今风景园林设计师最有名的早期先驱者之一，设计了凡尔赛花园和沃勒维贡特府邸花园而闻名于世,.,.,8Inthe18thCentury,mostEnglishlandscapegardeners,suchasLancelotCapabilityBrown,whoremodeledthegroundsofBlenheimPalace,rejectedthegeometricemphasisoftheFrenchinfavorofimitatingtheformsofnature.,18世纪，大多数英国“风景园艺师”，抛弃了法国重视几何的布局而采用模仿自然的形式，比如“可为”布朗，他曾对布伦海姆宫苑进行改造。,.,OneimportantexceptionwasSirHumphreyRepton.HereintroducedformalstructureintolandscapedesignwiththecreationofthefirstgreatpublicparksVictoriaParkinLondon(1845)andBirkenheadParkinLiverpool(1847).Inturn,thesetwoparkswouldgreatlyinfluencethedevelopmentoflandscapearchitectureintheUnitedStatesandCanada.,其中有一个重要特例雷普顿。他在第一个大型公园伦敦维多利亚公园（1845年）和利物浦伯肯黑德公园（1847年）中，再次将规则结构引入风景设计中。随着它们的建立，这两个公园极大地影响了美国和加拿大的风景园林。,BirkenheadPark,TherefurbishedRomanBoathouseatBirkenheadPark,WirralonJanuary3,2007.BirkenheadParkwastheworldsfirstpublicparkandopenedin1847.,.,VictoriaPark,.,FrederickLawOlmsted:FatherofAmericanLandscapeArchitecture,弗里德里克.劳.奥姆斯特德：“美国美国风景园林之父”,.,ThehistoryoftheprofessioninNorthAmericabeginswithFrederickLawOlmsted,whorejectedthenamelandscapegardenerinfavorofthetitleoflandscapearchitect,whichhefeltbetterreflectedthescopeoftheprofession.,北美风景园林职业的历史开始于弗里德里克.劳.奥姆斯特德，他取消了“风景园艺师”的称谓，以“风景园林师”的称呼取代之，他认为这个叫法更能反映这个职业的范畴。,.,In1863,officialuseofthedesignationlandscapearchitectbyNewYorksparkcommissionersmarkedthesymbolicgenesisoflandscapearchitectureasamoderndesignprofession.Olmstedbecameapioneerandvisionaryfortheprofession.Hisprojectsillustratehishighprofessionalstandards,includingthedesignofCentralParkinNewYorkwithCalvertVauxinthelate1850sandtheU.S.CapitolGroundsinthe1870s.OlmstedandtheBrookline,Mass.,firmhefoundedadvancedtheconceptofparksaswell-designed,functionalpublicgreenspacesamidthegraynessoftheurbanareasthroughthewellpracticedprinciplesoflandscapearchitectureandcityplanning.,1863年，纽约公园委员会正式采用“风景园林师”称谓，标志着风景园林成为一个现代设计职业的起始。奥姆斯特德成为这个职业的先驱者和具有远见卓识的人。他的设计项目说明了他高超的专业水平，其中包括他和卡尔沃特.沃克斯在19世纪50年代晚期设计的纽约中央公园，以及18世纪70年代美国国会大厦环境的设计。奥姆斯特德和他的在麻省的Brookline公司，进一步发展了公园的概念在城市灰色区域中，符合风景园林和城市规划实践原理的，经过良好设计、功能合理的公共绿地空间。,.,U.S.CapitolGrounds,.,EarlyDevelopments:Late1800s,早期的发展：19世纪后期,.,Intheensuingyears,theprofessionoflandscapearchitecturebroadened.Itplayedamajorroleinfulfillingthegrowingnationalneedforwell-plannedandwell-designedurbanenvironments.Urbanparks,metropolitanparksystems,plannedsuburbanresidentialenclavesandcollegecampuseswereplannedanddevelopedinlargenumbers,climaxingwiththeCityBeautifulmovementattheturnofthecentury.,在这之后的几年，风景园林职业的范围更加宽泛。它在满足国家对良好规划和设计的城市环境日益增加的需要中发挥着重要的作用。大量城市公园、都市公园系统、郊区居住区和大学校园都进行了规划和开发，并且在世纪之交时，随城市美化运动达到高潮。,.,TheWorldCentre,.,TheCityBeautifulmovement,whichhadseenitsfinestexemplificationinthe1901-1902renovationofWashington,D.C.,believedthatinreformingthelandscapeandlookofacity,otherreformswouldspringforthandinspireitsinhabitantstomoralandcivicvirtue.Burnham,inparticular,Unfortunatelytheplan,submittedin1904,didnotreceiveimmediateattention,andonthemorningofApril18,1906,theGreatEarthquakestruckcausingamassivefirethatburnedforthenextfourdaysanddevestatedmuchofthecity.,EarthquakeAftermath,CityBeautifulplanforTelegraphHill,HisplanforSanFranciscoenvisionedahillyParisbytheGoldenGate(BrechininBenedict,95).Greatboulevardscuttingthroughthecitysexistinggridwouldconvergespider-weblikeoncentralaxesthroughoutthecity.Togivethecityafocalpointforcivicandculturalactivities,muchliketheMallinthenationscapital,theplancalledforamagnificentcitycenter.Monumentalbuildingsofstonewouldreplacemanyofthewoodenshacksbuiltalongtheexistinggrid.Burnhamandhisfirmalsoproposedthatthecityd