新编简明英语语言学教程Unit2.docx

PHONOLOGY1. Phonetics定义：Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. e.g. p bilabial, stop2. 分为哪几个Cavity? -Speech organsThe pharyngeal cavity-the throat The oral cavity-the mouth The nasal cavity- the nose m,n, 3. The speech organs: lips唇; teeth齿; teeth ridge(alveolus)齿龈; hard palate硬腭; soft palate（velum）软腭; uvula小舌; tip of tongue舌尖; blade of tongue舌面; back of tongue舌根; vocal cords声带; 11 pharyngeal cavity咽部; 12 nasal cavity鼻腔4. Broad transcription: used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes, without diacritics. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. e.g. clear pit Narrow transcription: used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. e.g. dark l , aspirated p 5. P20The description of English consonants.PlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelar Glottal Stops or plosivesVL p t k VD b d g Frica-tivesVLf s hVD v z Affri-catesVL(t )tVD(d)dNasalsVDmnLiquidsVDl, rGlides VDwj6. P21eu:ua:ai:lThe feature unrounded is usually omitted since all front vowels in English are unrounded.Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of tense and lax vowels.7. P22Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Phonetics & phonology对比音位学和语音学Both are concerned with the same aspect of language-the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 8. P23A phone音素- a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some dont. e.g. /p/: ph pA phoneme音位- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context.Allophones 音位变体- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.9. P24Phonemic contrast音位对比-different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast.Complementary distribution互补分布-allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g. dark l & clear l, aspirated p Minimal pair最小对立集-when two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair, e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat.10. P 25Sequential rules - the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, e.g. in English, k ,b ,i , I might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilb If a word begins with a l or a r, then the next sound must be a vowel.If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules, e.g. spring, strict, square, splendid, scream.a)the first phoneme must be /s/,b)the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/,c)the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.10. . Suprasegmental features-超音段特征-the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments ( larger than phoneme)11. P27The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may change the part of speech of a word.Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements.复合词和名词词组之间的区别Compound : blackbird; greenhouse; hotdognoun phrase: black bird; green house; hot dogThe meaning-distinctive role played by word stress is also manifested in the combinations of -ing forms and nouns:modifier:修饰语 dining-room; reading glasses; doer: 行为者 swimming fish; flying planeSentence stress-the relative force given to the components of a sentence.12. P28音调Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.The meaning-distinctive