writing-cause-and-effectPPT课件

-,1,Writingstrategies,Writingtechniquesemployedinthearticle1.Repetitionofkeywords(Lock)2.ComparisonandcontrastPara1vs.Para4Para10vs.Para11Para12vs.13,TextACauseEffectStructureCause:fearanddistrustEffect:varioussecuritydeviceswhichinturnmaketheAmericansprisonersoftheirownmaking.,3.Cleverwaystothreadhisnarrationbackandforthbetweenthepastandthecentralargument.a.tensechangeb.aphrasethatindicatedanoldhabitincontrastwithaphraseindicatingthecurrentstate.usedtov.nolongerc.SummarysentencesItwasntalwayslikethat.P12,-,5,CauseandEffect,TimeSequence,SequentialActions,AGeneralStatementwithListofExamples,AGeneralPrincipleSupportedbyAnExample,ProblemSolution,ATopicSupportedbyDetails,ComparisonandContrast,ParagraphWriting,-,6,ParagraphDevelopmentbyCauseandEffect,-,7,Procedure,Stepsforwritingacauseandeffectessay:,1)Distinguishbetweencauseandeffect.2)Developyourthesisstatement.3)Findandorganizesupportingdetails.4)Usingappropriatetransitions.,Chronological（按年代顺序排列的）,Orderofimportance,Categorical（按类别顺序的）,effectsThereforesoasaresult,consequentlyaccordinglybecauseofthisThus.henceforthisreasonresultin,causesduetobecauseofowingtoasaresultofonaccountofforonthegroundofThroughBecausesinceasonthegroundthat,TransitionalWordsandPhrases,-,9,常用于因果分析法的连接词because,becauseof,for,since,dueto,owingto,thanksto,asaresult(of),accordingly,hence,so,thus,therefore,consequently,forthisreasonForonething,foranother,ThefirstreasonisthatthesecondoneisItismainly(partly)becauseofItisnotthat,butthatItisnotbecausebutbecauseThisiswhy,-,10,therefore,consequently,asaresult,andforthisreason通常后面接逗号Theweatherwascold;therefore,Sallyclosedthewindow.Theweatherwascold.Therefore,Sallyputonhercoat.Theweatherwascold.Consequently,Sallyputonherscarf.Ablizzardhitthetown.Asaresult,theschoolswereclosed.Since,because置于表示原因的句子前，句后用逗号.Becausetheweatheroutsidewascold,Sallyclosedthewindow.so前面的句子后加逗号Theweatherwaswarm,soJimturnedontheairconditioner.,-,11,高级句型,TwomajorfactorscontributedtodevastatingsummerfloodingalongtheYangtzeRiveranditstributaries.First,erosionresultingfromexcessivedeforestationintheupperreachesoftheriverand,second,heavysiltingwhichraisedtheriverbedinthemainchannel.两个主要因素导致了夏季长江及其支流的特大洪水。第一，过度砍伐引起的河流上游的侵蚀，第二，严重的泥沙淤积抬高了主干道的河床。Greedandatotallackofsocialconsciousnesshavebeencitedasmajorreasonsforthedramaticrisecorruption.人们认为贪婪和社会意识的彻底缺乏是造成腐败急剧增加的主要原因。,-,12,Identifyingthereasonsforanemergingphenomenonwhichinvolvesseveralcomplicatedfactorsisfarfromaneasytask.Forexample,somescientistsattributeenvironmentaldeteriorationtoaseriesofnaturalfactors,whileothersplacetheblamesolely（独自的，单独的）oninappropriatehumanbehavior.要找到涉及许多复杂因素的新现象的原因远非一件易事。例如，一些科学家把环境的恶化归结为一些自然因素，而另一些人把责任都推在人类不适当的行为上。,高级句型,-,13,Theexplanationforthephenomenonoftherisingteenagesuiciderateinvolvesmanycomplicatedfactors.Someattributetherisetoanoveremphasisonearlysuccess,otherspointtomountingpeerpressure,andstillotherstoconfusionoverchangingsocialvalues.对上升的少年自杀率的解释涉及很多复杂的因素。有的人把上升的原因归结为过分强调少年时期的成功，有的人指出是因为不断增长的同伴之间的压力，还有人认为是对不断变化的社会价值的迷茫造成的。,高级句型,-,14,TrytorecitealltheusefulsentencestructuresIprovideyou.,-,15,TypesoftheCause-EffectPattern,-,16,CasualChain,-,17,Jimsfatherhasabadtemper,andheoftenbeatJimsmotherandthekids.(familyviolence),JimsmotherleavesJimsfather,takingthechildrenwithher.,-,18,WithonlyJimsmothersincome,thefamilyhaslessmoney,sothefamilyexperiencesfinancialproblems.,Jimsmothermovesinwithherboyfriendtohelpthefamilyfinances.,-,19,Jimfeelsunwantedinhisnewhomeandrunsaway.,ahomelesschild,-,20,cause,effect(cause),effect(cause),effect(cause),effect,CasualChain,themostimmediateeffect,-,21,Cause因-Effect果,-,22,PeerPressureSinceIattendcollege,Ifeelmoreandmorepeerpressure.WhileIusedtobeatopstudentinseniorhighschool,andwasalwayspraisedbyteachersandenviedbypeers,nowIfindtherearealotoftalentedpeersincollegeandIamtemporarilyandrelativelypoorinacademicperformance.Therefore,IfeelthatIhavechangedfromaherotoazero.,contemporary,-,23,Causechangingsocialandmoralvalues;thetrendtowardsindividualism;andtheintroductionofstate-of-the-artconceptsandtechnology.ThekeytoadoptingWesternwaycentersonacceptingthegoodandrejectingthebad.对外开放的深刻影响在许多方面都能看到：模仿西方的习惯，包括好的和坏的；改变社会和道德价值观；个人主义的趋势；引进已发展的概念和技术。采取西方方式的关键在于取其精华，去其糟粕。,高级句型,-,30,因果型段落的结构,主题句“果”“果因”型语段段主题句“因”“因果”型语段主题句“果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点“果-因-果”型语段“因-果-因-果”型语段,-,31,ThereisnolifeonEarth.(S1)Foronething,EarthssurfaceintheareaofManhattan（曼哈顿）iscomposedofsolidconcrete(混凝土)andnothingcangrowthere.(S2)Foranother,theatmosphereisfilledwithcarbonmonoxide（一氧化碳）andotherdeadlygasesandnobodycouldpossiblybreathethisairandsurvive.(S3),topicsentence主题,S1,effect(果),S2,S3,cause2(因),cause1(因),分析,主题句“果”，“果因”型语段,-,32,Thefurtheradvancementofhumancivilizationisalwaysfollowedbythedamagetothenature.Topropel（推进）thesocioeconomicdevelopment,mostcountriestrytoreachtheirgoalsattheexpenseoftheenvironment.Thereisonepopularsayingthatweshoulddevelopourselvesfirst,andthenwetrytosavetheenvironment.Thisshallowconsensus（意见）hascausedthepollutionofallkinds.Thus,itstimeformankindtotakestepstostoppollutingthenatureforfollowinggeneration.,effect果,主题句“因”“因果”型语段,-,33,Therapidlyemergingsexualrevolutionhasbeenaccompaniedbymanydisturbingtrends.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequencescenterontherapidspreadofsexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs),risingprostitutionandtheriseinAIDScases.伴随着迅速出现的性革命有很多令人烦恼的趋势。最严重的后果可能是性传染病的迅速蔓延、卖淫现象及艾滋病患者的增多。,高级句型,主题句“因”“因果”型语段,-,34,InAmerica,however,itisthoughtthatthereducedaccidentfiguresareduerathertotheincreaseintrafficdensity(密度).Thisiswhyithasevenbeensuggestedthatthepresentspeedlimitsshouldbedoneawaywithcompletely,orthataguideshouldbegiventoinexperienceddriversandthespeedlimitsmadeadvisory(顾问的),asisdoneinpartsoftheUSA.,effect果,cause因,主题句“因”“因果”型语段,-,35,Thetwo-dayweekendissincerelypopularwithcollegestudents.Itoffersstudentsmoreleisuretimefortheirhobbiesandentertainments,whichhelpthemrelaxcompletelyafterfive-dayhardwork.Italsorelievesthepressureonthemfromtoomanycoursesandassignments.Therefore,manystudentstrytoenjoythemselvesinmanyinterestingwayssuchasgoingcampingandhavingapotluckparty.,主题句“果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点“果-因-果”型语段,-,36,Althoughblackshad“freedom”inalegalsense,mostofthemstilldidnothaveanyeducationoreconomicindependence.Consequently,theywerehelplesstoparticipatesignificantlyinthepoliticalprocesstotrytoimprovetheirstatus.Exceptforfarmwork,mostformerslaveshadnoskills.Asaresult,manyblackswentbacktoworkforthesamewhitepeoplewhousedtobetheirmasters.,“因-果-因-果”型语段,-,37,Tobrainstormandmakealistofpossiblecausesforthetopic.Girlsdontdoaswellinmathandscienceasboys.,Exercise:,-,38,Phenomenon,statistics,graph,Why?,Reasons,Reason,Significance,Problem,Thesis,Causes,Conclusion,Reason,Detail,Detail,-,39,Girlsdontdoaswellinmathandscienceasboys.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Thefirstandmostimportantreasonisthattheyarentencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatbuildupinterestinmathandscienceproblemsandthatbuildskillsforproblemsolvingorunderstandinghowthingswork.Girlsareencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatfosterlanguageandhumanrelationsskills.Asaresult,theycangrowupnotknowinghowanengineworksorhowtobuildamodelfromdirections.Second,studieshaveshownthatteachersdontexpectgirlstobegoodatmath.Evenfemalemathandscienceteacherspaymoreattentiontoboysinclassandcallonboysmoreoften.Becauseteachersdontexpectgirlstoexcel,theydonttryveryhard,andsoongirlsarefarbehindboysinthesestudies.Finally,girlsdonthavemanyrolemodelstolookupto.Notverymanymathandscienceteachersarewomen,especiallyinthelatergrades.Whenthemediapicturemathematiciansandscientists,theyusuallypicturemen.Asaresult,girlsarentinspiredtochoosethesefieldsascareers.,-,40,Howtowritecause-and-effectparagraph,SoundReasoningorlogicWhendiscussingcausesandeffects,makesureyouranalysisisoflogic.YoumustnottakeitforgrantedthateventAcauseseventBsimplybecauseeventAoccursbeforeeventB.Inotherwords,youmustexplainclearlywhatreallybringsaboutaparticularresult.,-,41,PossibleShiftinorderIncause-and-effectwriting,itseemsconvenienttostatetheeffectfirstandthenanalyzethecauses.Thereverseorder,however,istobepreferredwhenonecauseleadstoanumberofeffects.,-,42,1:Hasthecause/effectrelationshipbeeneffectivelyaddressed?2:Hassufficientsupportingdetailbeenincluded?3:Doesthewritingcontainaneffectiveopeningandclosing?4:Doesthewritingformameaningfulwhole?,WritingandRevisingEvaluating,Homework,Whydotheydoso?1.近日来，全国各地都传出有毒奶粉事件.2.为什么这些公司，甚至知名品牌公司这么做?3.对待这一事件所反映的问题，我们应该怎么办？三聚氰胺melamine中国奶制品公司三鹿ChinesedairyfirmSanlu婴幼儿配方奶粉baby/infantformulaMilkpowder召回recall,-,44,Tobrainstormandmakealistofpossiblecausesforthistopic.,EnergyProblemsinIndia,-,45,Usingthefollowingnotestowriteashortparagraphon“EnergyProblemsinIndia”.Thefirsttwosentenceshavebeenwrittenforyou.,EnergyProblemsinIndia3majorcauses:LowefficiencyinenergyconsumptionIncreasedpopulationInsufficientinvestmentinenergyproduction,Beginning:InrecentyearsIndiafindsitselffacingasevereenergyshortageonitshomemarket.Therearemanyreasonsbehindthis.,-,46,PercentageofCollegeStudentsTakingPart-timeJobs,Trend:Thenumberofcollegestudentstakingpart-timejobsisgoingup.,-,47,WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart-timeJob?,1.最近几年越来越多的大学生加入打工的队伍2.为什么大学生要打工3.大学生打工的意义,Phenomenon,Why?Reasons,significance,-,48,Reasons:,1.money,2.experience,-,49,significance,Tobeindependent,confident.Tobroadentheiroutlook.Toplaceaninfluenceontheirfuturelife.,-,50,PercentageofCollegeStudentsTakingPart-timeJobs,Trend:Thenumberofcollegestudentstakingpart-timejobsisgoingup.,-,51,Thereareseveralreasonsforthisproblemofpiracy.Firstofall,consumershavenotdevelopedenoughlegalconsciousnesstoresistthepirateproducts.Rather,theytendtobetemptedbythegreatgapbetweentheprices.Secondly,thegovernmenthasnotpaiddueattentiontoitandnoeffectivemeasureshavebeentakentostoppiracy.Forexample,thecopyrightlawstillhasmanyholesinit.Finally,somewritersandproducers,beingafraidofthetroubleoflawsuitstheymaybringuponthemselves,prefertosufferthepiracyinsilence.,-,52,Piracyhascausedgreatlosstothelegitimateproducersandauthors.Becausethepirateproductsoftencostmuchlessthanthegenuineones,theyenjoymuchbettersellinginspiteoftheirrelativelypoorqualitythanthegenuineones.Thishappensespeciallytosomehigh-techproducts,whosepricesareoftenrelativelyhigh.Then,inthecaseofthepirateeditionsofbooks,therearesomanymisprintsthattheynotonlycauseconf