已阅读5页,还剩62页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
一THEEARTHCOMPRISESTHREEPRINCIPALLAYERSTHEDENSE,IRONRICHCORE,THEMANTLEMADEOFSILICATE硅酸盐THATARESEMIMOLTENATDEPTH,ANDTHETHIN,SOLIDSURFACECRUSTTHEREARETWOKINDSOFCRUST,ALOWERANDDENSEROCEANICCRUSTANDANUPPER,LIGHTERCONTINENTALCRUSTFOUNDOVERONLYABOUT40PERCENTOFTHEEARTHSSURFACETHEROCKSOFTHECRUSTAREOFVERYDIFFERENTAGESSOMECONTINENTALROCKSAREOVER3,000MILLIONYEARSOLD,WHILETHOSEOFTHEOCEANFLOORARELESSTHAN200MILLIONYEARSOLDTHECRUSTSANDTHETOP,SOLIDPARTOFTHEMANTLE,TOTALINGABOUT70TO100KILOMETERSINTHICKNESS,ATPRESENTAPPEARTOCONSISTOFABOUT15RIGIDPLATES,7OFWHICHAREVERYLARGETHESEPLATESMOVEOVERTHESEMIMOLTENLOWERMANTLETOPRODUCEALLOFTHEMAJORTOPOGRAPHICAL地形学的FEATURESOFTHEEARTHACTIVEZONESWHEREINTENSEDEFORMATIONOCCURARECONFINEDTOTHENARROW,INTERCONNECTINGBOUNDARIESOFCONTACTOFTHEPLATESTHEREARETHREEMAINTYPESOFZONESOFCONTACTSPREADINGCONTACTSWHEREPLATESMOVEAPART,CONVERGINGCONTACTSWHEREPLATESMOVETOWARDSEACHOTHER,ANDTRANSFORMCONTACTSWHEREPLATESSLIDEPASTEACHOTHERNEWOCEANICCRUSTISFORMEDALONGONEORMOREMARGINSOFEACHPLATEBYMATERIALISSUINGFROMDEEPERLAYERSOFTHEEARTHSCRUST,FOREXAMPLE,BYVOLCANICERUPTIONS爆发OFLAVA火山熔岩ATMIDOCEANRIDGESIFATSUCHASPREADINGCONTACTTHETWOPLATESSUPPORTCONTINENTS,ARIFT裂缝ISFORMEDTHATWILLGRADUALLYWIDENANDBECOMEFLOODEDBYTHETEATHEATLANTICOCEANFORMEDLIKETHISASTHEAMERICANANDAFROEUROPEANPLATESMOVEDINOPPOSITEDIRECTIONSWHENTWOPLATESCARRYINGCONTINENTSCOLLIDE,THECONTINENTALBLOCKS,TOOLIGHTTOBEDRAWNDOWN,CONTINUETOFLOATANDTHEREFOREBUCKLE起褶皱TOFORMAMOUNTAINCHAINALONGTHELENGTHOFTHEMARGINOFTHEPLATES练习题CHOOSECORRECTANSWERSTOTHEQUESTION1THEEARTHSCRUST_ACANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOTYPESBISFORMEDALONGTHEMARGINSOFTHEPLATESCCONSISTSOFSEMIMOLTENROCKSDISABOUT70TO100KILOMETERSTHICK2THE15PLATESOFTHEEARTHAREFORMEDFROM_ATHEOCEANICCRUSTSANDCONTINENTALCRUSTSBTHECRUSTSANDTHEMANTLECTHECRUSTSANDTHETOPANDSOLIDPARTOFTHEMANTLEDTHECONTINENTALCRUSTSANDTHESOLIDPARTOFTHEMANTLE3SERIOUSLYDEFORMEDZONESAPPEAR_AWHENEVERTHECRUSTSMOVEOVERMANTLEBWHENTHEPLATESMOVETOWARDSEACHOTHERCINTHENARROWBOUNDARIESWHERETWOPLATESMEETDTOBETHEMAJORTOPOGRAPHICALFEATUREOFTHEEARTH4ACCORDINGTOTHESECONDPARAGRAPH,THEFORMATIONOFTHEATLANTICOCEANISTHEEXAMPLEOF_ASPREADINGCONTACTSBTHEINFLUENCEOFVOLCANICERUPTIONSCCONVERGINGCONTACTSDTRANSFORMCONTACTS5THISPASSAGEISPROBABLY_AANEWSPAPERADVERTISEMENTBACHAPTEROFANOVELCANEXCERPTFROMATEXTBOOKDASCIENTIFICREPORTOFNEWFINDINGS二AREMARKABLEVARIETYOFINSECTSLIVEINTHISPLANETMORESPECIESOFINSECTSEXISTTHANALLOTHERANIMALSPECIESTOGETHERINSECTSHAVESURVIVEDONEARTHFORMORETHAN300MILLIONYEARS,ANDMAYPOSSESSTHEABILITYTOSURVIVEFORMILLIONSMOREINSECTSCANBEFOUNDALMOSTEVERYWHEREONTHEHIGHESTMOUNTAINSANDONTHEBOTTOMOFRUSHINGSTREAMS,INTHECOLDSOUTHPOLEANDINBUBBLINGHOTSPRINGSTHEYDIGTHROUGHTHEGROUND,JUMPANDSINGINTHETREES,ANDRUNANDDANCEINTHEAIRTHEYCOMEINMANYDIFFERENTCOLORSANDVARIOUSSHAPESINSECTSAREEXTREMELYUSEFULTOHUMANS,POLLINATING授粉OURCROPSASWELLASFLOWERSINMEADOWS,FORESTS,DESERTSANDOTHERAREASBUTLICKSANDSOMEINSECTS,SUCHASMOSQUITOESANDFLEAS,CANTRANSMITDISEASETHEREAREMANYREASONSWHYINSECTSARESOSUCCESSFULATSURVIVINGTHEIRAMAZINGABILITYTOADAPTPERMITSTHEMTOLIVEINEXTREMERANGESOFTEMPERATURESANDENVIRONMENTSTHEONEPLACETHEYHAVENOTYETBEENFOUNDTOANYMAJOREXTENTISINTHEOPENOCEANSINSECTSCANSURVIVEONAWIDERANGE,OFNATURALANDARTIFICIALFOODSPAINT,PEPPER,GLUE,BOOKS,GRAIN,COTTON,OTHERINSECTS,PLANTSANDANIMALSBECAUSETHEYARESMALLTHEYCANHIDEINTINYSPACESASTRONG,HARDBUTFLEXIBLESHELLCOVERSTHEIRSOFTORGANSANDISRESISTANTTOCHEMICALS,WATERANDPHYSICALIMPACTTHEIRWINGSGIVETHEMTHEOPTIONOFFLYINGAWAYFROMDANGEROUSSITUATIONSORTOWARDFOODORMALESALSO,INSECTSHAVEANENORMOUSREPRODUCTIVECAPACITYANAFRICANANTQUEENCANLAYASMANYAS43,000EGGSADAYANOTHERREASONFORTHEIRSUCCESSISTHESTRATEGYOFPROTECTIVECOLORANINSECTMAYBERIGHTBEFOREOUREYES,BUTNEARLYINVISIBLEBECAUSEITISCLEVERLYDISGUISEDLIKEAGREENLEAF,LUMPOFBROWNSOIL,GRAYLICHEN青苔,ASEEDORSOMEOTHERNATURALOBJECTSOMEINSECTSUSEBRIGHT,BOLDCOLORSTOSENDWARNINGSIGNALSTHATTHEYTASTEBAD,STINGORAREPOISONOTHERSHAVEWINGPATTERNSTHATLOOKLIKETHEEYESOFAHUGEPREDATOR,BITTERTASTINGINSECTSHUNGRYENEMIESAREFOOLEDINTOAVOIDINGTHEM练习题CHOOSECORRECTANSWERSTOTHEQUESTION1INSECTSCANBEFOUNDINLARGEAMOUNTSINTHEFOLLOWINGPLACESEXCEPT_AONTHEMOUNTAINSWITHLITTLEAIRBINTHECOLDPOLARAREASCINTHEHOTDESERTAREASDINTHEOPENOCEANS2INSECTSPROTECTTHEMSELVESFROMCHEMICALSBY_AHIDINGINTINYSPACESBHAVINGASTRONGSHELLCFLYINGAWAYWHENNECESSARYDCHANGINGCOLORSORSHAPES3SOMEINSECTSDISGUISELIKENATURALOBJECTSSOASTO_AFRIGHTENAWAYTHEIRENEMIESBAVOIDBEINGDISCOVEREDCSENDWARNINGSIGNALSDLOOKBITTERTASTING4THEPASSAGEMENTIONSTHATINSECTS_ACANBEFOUNDINANYEXTREMEENVIRONMENTSBHAVESURVIVEDLONGERTHANANYOTHERCREATURESCCANBEFEDONANYNATURALORMANMADEFOODSDAREIMPORTANTFORTHEGROWTHOFCROPSANDFLOWERS5THEPASSAGEISMAINLYABOUT_AHOWINSECTSSURVIVEINDIFFERENTPLACESBWHYINSECTSCANSURVIVESOSUCCESSFULLYCWHATINSECTSCANDOTOTHEENVIRONMENTDWHEREINSECTSCANBEFOUNDINQUANTITY三THEFRIDGEISCONSIDEREDNECESSARYITHASBEENSOSINCETHE1960SWHENPACKAGEDFOODLISTAPPEAREDWITHTHELABEL“STOREINTHEREFRIGERATOR“INMYFRIDGELESSFIFTIESCHILDHOOD,1WASFEDWELLANDHEALTHYTHEMILKMANCAMEEVERYDAY,THEGROCER,THEBUTCHER肉商,THEBAKER,ANDTHEICECREAMMANDELIVEREDTWOORTHREETIMESEACHWEEKTHESUNDAYMEATWOULDLASTUNTILWEDNESDAYANDSURPLUS剩余的BREADANDMILKBECAMEALLKINDSOFCAKESNOTHINGWASWASTED,ANDWEWERENEVERTROUBLEDBYROTTENFOODTHIRTYYEARSONFOODDELIVERIESHAVECEASED,FRESHVEGETABLESAREALMOSTUNOBTAINABLEINTHECOUNTRYTHEINVENTIONOFTHEFRIDGECONTRIBUTEDCOMPARATIVELYLITTLETOTHEARTOFFOODPRESERVATIONMANYWELLTRIEDTECHNIQUESALREADYEXISTEDNATURALCOOLING,DRYING,SMOKING,SALTING,SUGARING,BOTTLINGWHATREFRIGERATIONDIDPROMOTEWASMARKETINGMARKETINGHARDWAREANDELECTRICITY,MARKETINGSOFTDRINKS,MARKETINGDEADBODIESOFANIMALSAROUNDTHEWORLDINSEARCHOFAGOODPRICECONSEQUENTLY,MOSTOFTHEWORLDSFRIDGESARETOBEFOUND,NOTINTHETROPICSWHERETHEYMIGHTPROVEUSEFUL,BUTINTHERICHCOUNTRIESWITHMILDTEMPERATURESWHERETHEYARECLIMATICALLYALMOSTUNNECESSARYEVERYWINTER,MILLIONSOFFRIDGESHUMAWAYCONTINUOUSLY,ANDATVASTEXPENSE,BUSILYMAINTAININGANARTIFICIALLYCOOLEDSPACEINSIDEANARTIFICIALLYHEATEDHOUSEWHILEOUTSIDE,NATUREPROVIDESTHEDESIREDTEMPERATUREFREEOFCHARGETHEFRIDGESEFFECTUPONTHEENVIRONMENTHASBEENEVIDENT,WHILEITSCONTRIBUTIONTOHUMANHAPPINESSHASBEENNOTIMPORTANTIFYOUDONTBELIEVEME,TRYITYOURSELF,INVESTINAFOODCABINETANDMMOFFYOURFRIDGENEXTWINTERYOUMAYNOTEATTHEHAMBURGERS汉堡包,BUTATLEASTYOULLGETRIDOFTHATTERRIBLEHUM练习题CHOOSECORRECTANSWERSTOTHEQUESTION1THESTATEMENT“INMYFRIDGELESSFIFTIESCHILDHOOD,IWASFEDWELLANDHEALTHILY“SUGGESTSTHAT_ATHEAUTHORWASWELLFEDANDHEALTHYEVENWITHOUTAFRIDGEINHISFIFTIESBTHEAUTHORWASNOTACCUSTOMEDTOFRIDGESEVENINHISFIFTIESCTHEREWASNOFRIDGEINTHEAUTHORSHOMEINTHE1950SDTHEFRIDGEWASINITSEARLYSTAGEOFDEVELOPMENTINTHE1950S2WHYDOESTHEAUTHORSAYTHATNOTHINGWASWASTEDBEFORETHEINVENTIONOFFRIDGESAPEOPLEWOULDNOTBUYMOREFOODTHANWASNECESSARYBFOODWASDELIVEREDTOPEOPLETWOORTHREETIMESAWEEKCFOODWASSOLDFRESHANDDIDNOTGETROTTENEASILYDPEOPLEHADEFFECTIVEWAYSTOPRESERVETHEIRFOOD3WHOBENEFITEDTHELEASTFROMFRIDGESACCORDINGTOTHEAUTHORAINVENTORSBCONSUMERSCMANUFACTURERSDTRAVELLINGSALESMEN4WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGPHRASESINTHEFIFTHPARAGRAPHINDICATESTHEFRIDGESNEGATIVEEFFECTONTHEENVIRONMENTA“HUMAWAYCONTINUOUSLY”B“CLIMATICALLYALMOSTUNNECESSARY”C“ARTIFICIALLYCOOLEDSPACE”D“WITHMILDTEMPERATURES”5WHATISTHEAUTHORSOVERALLATTITUDETOWARDFRIDGESANEUTRALBCRITICALCOBJECTIVEDCOMPROMISING四MOREOVER,INSOFARASANYINTERPRETATIONOFITSAUTHORCANBEMADEFROMTHEFIVEORSIXPLAYSATTRIBUTEDTOHIM,THEWAKEFIELDMASTERISUNIFORMLYCONSIDEREDTOBEAMANOFSHARPCONTEMPORARYOBSERVATIONHEWAS,FORMALLY,PERHAPSCLERICALLYEDUCATED,ASHISLATINANDMUSIC,HISBIBLICALANDPATRISTICLOREINDICATEHEIS,STILL,CELEBRATEDMAINLYFORHISQUICKSYMPATHYFORTHEOPPRESSEDANDFORGOTTENMAN,HISSHARPEYEFORCHARACTER,AREADYEARFORCOLLOQUIALVERNACULARTURNSOFSPEECHANDAHUMORALTERNATELYRUDEANDBOISTEROUS,COARSEANDHAPPYHENCEDESPITEHISCONSCIOUSARTISTRYASMANIFESTINHISFEELINGFORINTRICATEMETRICALANDSTANZAFORMS,HEISLOOKEDUPONASAKINDOFMEDIEVALSTEINBECK,INDIGNANTLYANGRYAT,UNCOMPROMISINGLYANDEVENBRUTALLYREALISTICINPRESENTINGTHEPLIGHTOFTHEAGRICULTURALPOORTHUSTAKINGTHEPLAYANDTHEAUTHORTOGETHER,ITISMOWFAIRLYCONVENTIONALTOREGARDTHEFORMERASAKINDOFULTIMATEPOINTINTHESECULARIZATIONOFTHEMEDIEVALDRAMAHENCEMUCHEMPHASISONITASDEPICTINGREALISTICALLYHUMBLEMANNERSANDPASTORALLIFEINTHEBLEAKHILLSOFTHEWESTRIDINGOFYORKSHIREONATYPICALLYCOLDBIGHTOFDECEMBER24THAFTERWHATAREOFTENREGARDEDASALMOST“DOCUMENTARIES”GIVENINTHETHREESUCCESSIVEMONOLOGUESOFTHETHREESHEPHERDS,CRITICSGOONTOAFFIRMTHATTHEREALISMISTHENINTENSIFIEDINTOABURLESQUEMOCKTREATMENTOFTHENATIVITYFINALLYASASORTOFEPILOGUEORAFTERTHOUGHTINDEFERENCETOTHEBIBLICALORIGINSOFTHEMATERIALS,THEPLAYSLIDESBACKINTOANATAVISTICMOODOFEARLYINNOCENTREVERENCEACTUALLY,ASWESHALLSEE,THEFINALSCENEISNOTONLYTHECULMINATINGSCENEBUTPERHAPSTHERAISONDETREOFINTRODUCTORY“REALISM”THEREISMUCHONTHESURFACEOFTHEPRESENTPLAYTOSUPPORTTHECONVENTIONALVIEWOFITSMOODOFSECULARREALISMALLTHESAME,THE“REALISM”OFTHEWAKEFIELDMASTERISOFAPARADOXICALTURNHISWIDEKNOWLEDGEOFPEOPLE,ASWELLASBOOKSINDICATESNOCLOISTEREDCONTEMPLATIVEBUTONEINCLOSERELATIONTOHISTIMESSTILL,THATLIFEWASAFTERALLAPREDOMINANTLYRELIGIOUSONE,ATIMEWHICHNEVERNEGLECTEDTHEBELIEFTHATMANWASAREBELLIOUSANDSINFULCREATUREINNEEDOFREDEMPTION,SODEEPLYONECANHARDLYSAY“NAIVELY”OFSOSOPHISTICATEDAWRITERANDIMPLICITLYRELIGIOUSISTHEMASTERTHATHEISLESSABLEORLESSWILLINGTOPRESENTACTUALHISTORYREALISTICALLYTHANISTHEAUTHOROFTHEBROME“ABRAHAMANDISAAC”HISHISTORICALSENSEISEVENLESSREALISTICTHANTHATOFCHAUCERWHOJUSTAFEWYEARSBEFOREHADDONEFORHISOWNTIMECOSTUMEROMANCES,SUCHASTHEKNIGHTSTALE,TROILUSANDCRESSIDA,ETCMOREOVERCHAUCERHADTHEEXCUSEOFHIGHLYROMANTICMATERIALSFORTAKINGLIBERTIESWITHHISTORY1WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSABOUTTHEWAKEFIELDMASTERISNOTTRUEAHEWASCHAUCERSCONTEMPORARYBHEISREMEMBEREDASTHEAUTHOROFFIVEORSIXREALISTICPLAYSCHEWRITELIKEJOHNSTEINBECKDHEWASANACCOMPLISHEDARTIST2BY“PATRISTIC”,THEAUTHORMEANSAREALISTICBPATRIOTICCSUPERSTITIOUSCPERTAININGTOTHECHRISTIANFATHERS3THESTATEMENTABOUTTHE“SECULARIZATIONOFTHEMEDIEVALDRAMA”REFERSTOTHEAINTRODUCTIONOFMUNDANEMATTERSINRELIGIOUSPLAYSBPRESENTATIONOFERUDITEMATERIALCUSEOFCONTEMPORARYINTRODUCTIONOFRELIGIOUSTHEMESINTHEEARLYDAYS4INSUBSEQUENTPARAGRAPHS,WEMAYEXPECTTHEWRITEROFTHISPASSAGETOAJUSTIFYHISCOMPARISONWITHSTEINBECKBPRESENTAPOINTOFVIEWWHICHATTACKTHETHOUGHTOFTHESECONDPARAGRAPHCPOINTOUTTHEANACHRONISMSINTHEPLAYDDISCUSSTHEWORKSOFCHAUCER五THEEARLIESTCONTROVERSIESABOUTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPHOTOGRAPHYANDARTCENTEREDONWHETHERPHOTOGRAPHSFIDELITYTOAPPEARANCESANDDEPENDENCEONAMACHINEALLOWEDITTOBEAFINEARTASDISTINCTFROMMERELYAPRACTICALARTTHROUGHOUTTHENINETEENTHCENTURY,THEDEFENCEOFPHOTOGRAPHYWASIDENTICALWITHTHESTRUGGLETOESTABLISHITASAFINEARTAGAINSTTHECHARGETHATPHOTOGRAPHYWASASOULLESS,MECHANICALCOPYINGOFREALITY,PHOTOGRAPHERSASSERTEDTHATITWASINSTEADAPRIVILEGEDWAYOFSEEING,AREVOLTAGAINSTCOMMONPLACEVISION,ANDNOLESSWORTHYANARTTHANPAINTINGIRONICALLY,NOWTHATPHOTOGRAPHYISSECURELYESTABLISHEDASAFINEART,MANYPHOTOGRAPHERSFINDITPRETENTIOUSORIRRELEVANTTOLABELITASSUCHSERIOUSPHOTOGRAPHERSVARIOUSLYCLAIMTOBEFINDING,RECORDING,IMPARTIALLYOBSERVING,WITNESSINGEVENTS,EXPLORINGTHEMSELVESANYTHINGBUTMAKINGWORKSOFARTTHEYARENOLONGERWILLINGTODEBATEWHETHERPHOTOGRAPHYISORISNOTAFINEART,EXCEPTTOPROCLAIMTHATTHEIROWNWORKISNOTINVOLVEDWITHARTITSHOWSTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYSIMPLYTAKEFORGRANTEDTHECONCEPTOFARTIMPOSEDBYTHETRIUMPHOFMODERNISMTHEBETTERTHEART,THEMORESUBVERSIVEITISOFTHETRADITIONALAIMSOFARTPHOTOGRAPHERSDISCLAIMERSOFANYINTERESTINMAKINGARTTELLUSMOREABOUTTHEHARRIEDSTATUSOFTHECONTEMPORARYNOTIONOFARTTHANABOUTWHETHERPHOTOGRAPHYISORISNOTARTFOREXAMPLE,THOSEPHOTOGRAPHERSWHOSUPPOSETHAT,BYTAKINGPICTURES,THEYAREGETTINGAWAYFROMTHEPRETENSIONSOFARTASEXEMPLIFIEDBYPAINTINGREMINDUSOFTHOSEABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISTPAINTERSWHOIMAGINEDTHEYWEREGETTINGAWAYFROMTHEINTELLECTUALAUSTERITYOFCLASSICALMODERNISTPAINTINGBYCONCENTRATINGONTHEPHYSICALACTOFPAINTINGMUCHOFPHOTOGRAPHYSPRESTIGETODAYDERIVESFROMTHECONVERGENCEOFITSAIMSWITHTHOSEOFRECENTART,PARTICULARLYWITHTHEDISMISSALOFABSTRACTARTIMPLICITINTHEPHENOMENONOFPOPPAINTINGDURINGTHE1960SAPPRECIATINGPHOTOGRAPHSISARELIEFTOSENSIBILITIESTIREDOFTHEMENTALEXERTIONSDEMANDEDBYABSTRACTARTCLASSICALMODERNISTPAINTINGTHATIS,ABSTRACTARTASDEVELOPEDINDIFFERENTWAYSBYPICASSO,KANDINSKY,ANDMATISSEPRESUPPOSESHIGHLYDEVELOPEDSKILLSOFLOOKINGANDAFAMILIARITYWITHOTHERPAINTINGSANDTHEHISTORYOFARTPHOTOGRAPHY,LIKEPOPPAINTING,REASSURESVIEWERSTHATARTISNOTHARDPHOTOGRAPHYSEEMSTOBEMOREABOUTITSSUBJECTSTHANABOUTARTPHOTOGRAPHY,HOWEVER,HASDEVELOPEDALLTHEANXIETIESANDSELFCONSCIOUSNESSOFACLASSICMODERNISTARTMANYPROFESSIONALSPRIVATELYHAVEBEGUNTOWORRYTHATTHEPROMOTIONOFPHOTOGRAPHYASANACTIVITYSUBVERSIVEOFTHETRADITIONALPRETENSIONSOFARTHASGONESOFARTHATTHEPUBLICWILLFORGETTHATPHOTOGRAPHYISADISTINCTIVEANDEXALTEDACTIVITYINSHORT,ANART1WHATISTHEAUTHORMAINLYCONCERNEDWITHTHEAUTHORISCONCERNEDWITHADEFININGTHEMODERNISTATTITUDETOWARDARTBEXPLAININGHOWPHOTOGRAPHYEMERGEDASAFINEARTCEXPLAININGTHEATTITUDEOFSERIOUSCONTEMPORARYPHOTOGRAPHERSTOWARDPHOTOGRAPHYASARTANDPLACINGTHOSEATTITUDESINTHEIRHISTORICALCONTEXTDDEFININGTHEVARIOUSAPPROACHESTHATSERIOUSCONTEMPORARYPHOTOGRAPHERSTAKETOWARDTHEIRARTANDASSESSINGTHEVALUEOFEACHOFTHOSEAPPROACHES2WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGADJECTIVESBESTDESCRIBES“THECONCEPTOFARTIMPOSEDBYTHETRIUMPHOFMODERNISM”ASTHEAUTHORREPRESENTSITINLINES1213AOBJECTIVEBMECHANICALCSUPERFICIALDPARADOXICAL3WHYDOESTHEAUTHORINTRODUCEABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISTPAINTERAHEWANTSTOPROVIDEANEXAMPLEOFARTISTSWHO,LIKESERIOUSCONTEMPORARYPHOTOGRAPHERS,DISAVOWEDTRADITIONALLYACCEPTEDAIMSOFMODERNARTBHEWANTSTOSETFORTHANANALOGYBETWEENTHEABSTRACTEXPRESSIONISTPAINTERSANDCLASSICALMODERNISTPAINTERSCHEWANTSTOPROVIDEACONTRASTTOPOPARTISTANDOTHERSDHEWANTSTOPROVIDEANEXPLANATIONOFWHYSERIOUSPHOTOGRAPHY,LIKEOTHERCONTEMPORARYVISUALFORMS,ISNOTANDSHOULDNOTPRETENDTOBEANART4HOWDIDTHENINETEENTHCENTURYDEFENDERSOFPHOTOGRAPHYSTRESSTHEPHOTOGRAPHYATHEYSTRESSEDPHOTOGRAPHYWASAMEANSOFMAKINGPEOPLEHAPPYBITWASARTFORRECORDINGTHEWORLDCITWASADEVICEFOROBSERVINGTHEWORLDIMPARTIALLYDITWASANARTCOMPARABLETOPAINTING六THEPASTAGESOFMANHAVEALLBEENCAREFULLYLABELEDBYANTHROPOLOGISTSDESCRIPTIONSLIKEPALAEOLITHICMAN,NEOLITHICMAN,ETC,NEATLYSUMUPWHOLEPERIODSWHENTHETIMECOMESFORANTHROPOLOGISTSTOTURNTHEIRATTENTIONTOTHETWENTIETHCENTURY,THEYWILLSURELYCHOOSETHELABELLEGLESSMANHISTORIESOFTHETIMEWILLGOSOMETHINGLIKETHISINTHETWENTIETHCENTURY,PEOPLEFORGOTHOWTOUSETHEIRLEGSMENANDWOMENMOVEDABOUTINCARS,BUSESANDTRAINSFROMAVERYEARLYAGETHEREWERELIFTSANDESCALATORSINALLLARGEBUILDINGSTOPREVENTPEOPLEFROMWALKINGTHISSITUATIONWASFORCEDUPONEARTHDWELLERSOFTHATTIMEBECAUSEOFMILESEACHDAYBUTTHESURPRISINGTHINGISTHATTHEYDIDNTUSETHEIRLEGSEVENWHENTHEYWENTONHOLIDAYTHEYBUILTCABLERAILWAYS,SKILIFTSANDROADSTOTHETOPOFEVERYHUGEMOUNTAINALLTHEBEAUTYSPOTSONEARTHWEREMARREDBYTHEPRESENCEOFLARGECARPARKSTHEFUTUREHISTORYBOOKSMIGHTALSORECORDTHATWEWEREDEPRIVEDOFTHEUSEOFOUREYESINOURHURRYTOGETFROMONEPLACETOANOTHER,WEFAILEDTOSEEANYTHINGONTHEWAYAIRTRAVELGIVESYOUABIRDSEYEVIEWOFTHEWORLDOREVENLESSIFTHEWINGOFTHEAIRCRAFTHAPPENSTOGETINYOURWAYWHENYOUTRAVELBYCARORTRAINABLURREDIMAGEOFTHECOUNTRYSIDECONSTANTLYSMEARSTHEWINDOWSCARDRIVERS,INPARTICULAR,AREFOREVEROBSESSEDWITHTHEURGETOGOONANDONTHEYNEVERWANTTOSTOPISITTHELUREOFTHEGREATMOTORWAYS,ORWHATANDASFORSEATRAVEL,ITHARDLYDESERVESMENTIONITISPERFECTLYSUMMEDUPINTHEWORDSOFTHEOLDSONGIJOINEDTHENAVYTOSEETHEWORLD,ANDWHATDIDISEEISAWTHESEATHETYPICALTWENTIETHCENTURYTRAVELERISTHEMANWHOALWAYSSAYSIVEBEENTHEREYOUMENTIONTHEREMOTEST,MOSTEVOCATIVEPLACENAMESINTHEWORLDLIKEELDORADO,KABUL,IRKUTSKANDSOMEONEISBOUNDTOSAYIVEBEENTHEREMEANING,IDROVETHROUGHITAT100MILESANHOURONTHEWAYTOSOMEWHEREELSEWHENYOUTRAVELATHIGHSPEEDS,THEPRESENTMEANSNOTHINGYOULIVEMAINLYINTHEFUTUREBECAUSEYOUSPENDMOSTOFYOURTIMELOOKINGFORWARDTOARRIVINGATSOMEOTHERPLACEBUTACTUALARRIVAL,WHENITISACHIEVED,ISMEANINGLESSYOUWANTTOMOVEONAGAINBYTRAVELINGLIKETHIS,YOUSUSPENDALLEXPERIENCETHEPRESENTCEASESTOBEAREALITYYOUMIGHTJUSTASWELLBEDEADTHETRAVELERONFOOT,ONTHEOTHERHAND,LIVESCONSTANTLYINTHEPRESENTFORHIMTRAVELINGANDARRIVINGAREONEANDTHESAMETHINGHEARRIVESSOMEWHEREWITHEVERYSTEPHEMAKESHEEXPERIENCESTHEPRESENTMOMENTWITHHISEYES,HISEARSANDTHEWHOLEOFHISBODYATTHEENDOFHISJOURNEYHEFEELSADELICIOUSPHYSICALWEARINESSHEKNOWSTHATSOUNDSATISFYINGSLEEPWILLBEHISTHEJUSTREWARDOFALLTRUETRAVELLERS1、ANTHORPOLOGISTSLABELNOWADAYSMENLEGLESSBECAUSE_APEOPLEFORGETHOWTOUSEHISLEGSBPEOPLEPREFERCARS,BUSESANDTRAINSCLIFTSANDESCALATORSPREVENTPEOPLEFROMWALKINGDTHEREAREALOTOFTRANSPORTATIONDEVICES2、TRAVELLINGATHIGHSPEEDMEANS_APEOPLESFOCUSONTHEFUTUREBAPLEASURECSATISFYINGDRIVERSGREATTHRILLDANECESSITYOFLIFE3、WHYDOESTHEAUTHORSAYWEAREDEPRIVEDOFTHEUSEOFOUREYESAPEOPLEWONTUSETHEIREYESBINTRAVELINGATHIGHSPEED,EYESBECOMEUSELESSCPEOPLECANTSEEANYTHINGONHISWAYOFTRAVELDPEOPLEWANTTOSLEEPDURINGTRAVELLING4、WHATISTHEPURPOSEOFTHEAUTHORINWRITINGTHISPASSAGEALEGSBECOMEWEAKERBMODERNMEANSOFTRANSPORTATIONMAKETHEWORLDASMALLPLACECTHEREISNONEEDTOUSEEYESDTHEBESTWAYTOTRAVELISONFOOT5WHATDOESABIRDSEYEVIEWMEANASEEVIEWWITHBIRDSEYESBABIRDLOOKSATABEAUTIFULVIEWCITISAGENERALVIEWFROMAHIGHPOSITIONLOOKINGDOWNDASCENICPLACE七ADVERTISERSTENDTOTHINKBIGANDPERHAPSTHISISWHYTHEYREALWAYSCOMINGINFORCRITICISMTHEIRCRITICSSEEMTORESENTTHEMBECAUSETHEYHAVEAFLAIRFORSELFPROMOTIONANDBECAUSETHEYHAVESOMUCHMONEYTOTHROWAROUNDITSINIQUITOUS,THEYSAY,THATTHISENTIRELYUNPRODUCTIVEINDUSTRYIFWECANCALLITTHATSHOULDABSORBMILLIONSOFPOUNDSEACHYEARITONLYGOESTOSHOWHOWMUCHPROFITTHEBIGCOMPANIESAREMAKINGWHYDONTTHEYSTOPADVERTISINGANDREDUCETHEPRICEOFTHEIRGOODSAFTERALL,ITSTHECONSUMERWHOPAYSTHEPOOROLDCONSUMERHEDHAVETOPAYAGREATDEALMOREIFADVERTISINGDIDNTCREATEMASSMARKETSFORPRODUCTSITISPRECISELYBECAUSEOFTHEHEAVYADVERTISINGTHATCONSUMERGOODSARESOCHEAPBUTWEGETTHEWRONGIDEAIFWETHINKTHEONLYPURPOSEOFADVERTISINGISTOSELLGOODSANOTHEREQUALLYIMPORTANTFUNCTIONISTOINFORMAGREATDEALOFTHEKNOWLEDGEWEHAVEABOUTHOUSEHOLDGOODSDERIVESLARGELYFROMTHEADVERTISEMENTSWEREADADVERTISEMENTSINTRODUCEUSTONEWPRODUCTSORREMINDUSOFTHEEXISTENCEOFONESWEALREADYKNOWABOUTSUPPOSINGYOUWANTEDTOBUYAWASHINGMACHINE,ITISMORETHANLIKELYYOUWOULDOBTAINDETAILSREGARDINGPERFORMANCE,PRICE,ETC,FROMANADVERTISEMENTLOTSOFPEOPLEPRETENDTHATTHEYNEVERREADADVERTISEMENTS,BUTTHISCLAIMMAYBESERIOUSLYDOUBTEDITISHARDLYPOSSIBLENOTTOREADADVERTISEMENTSTHESEDAYSANDWHATFUNTHEYOFTENARE,TOOJUSTTHINKWHATARAILWAYSTATIONORANEWSPAPERWOULDBELIKEWITHOUTADVERT
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2026年口腔医疗管理公司员工加班审批管理制度
- 2026年智慧城市解决方案创新报告
- 2025年汽车用热收缩膜性能提升与节能减排报告
- 学校教师面试题目及答案
- 2026年盐城市公安局大丰分局公开招聘警务辅助人员9人备考题库(情报指挥中心、巡特警大队)完整参考答案详解
- 2025-2030中国紫外线偏振器行业市场发展趋势与前景展望战略研究报告
- 2026年西昌市黄联关镇人民政府公开招聘9名综合应急救援队伍人员备考题库完整参考答案详解
- 2025至2030中国生物医药创新药研发趋势与商业化路径评估分析报告
- 2026年武义县人力资源开发服务有限公司招聘10人备考题库及答案详解参考
- 中国农业科学院2026年度第一批统一公开招聘备考题库及参考答案详解1套
- 2025年辽铁单招考试题目及答案
- 医疗行业数据安全事件典型案例分析
- 2026年生物医药创新金融项目商业计划书
- 湖南名校联考联合体2026届高三年级1月联考化学试卷+答案
- 龟的解剖课件
- 山东省潍坊市2024-2025学年二年级上学期期末数学试题
- 空气源热泵供热工程施工方案
- 2026届潍坊市重点中学高一化学第一学期期末教学质量检测试题含解析
- 超皮秒祛斑课件
- 2025年高尔基《童年》阅读测试+答案
- 跟单转正述职报告
评论
0/150
提交评论