cause_and_effect 英语说明文写作中的因果关系.ppt

A,1,Cause,Effect,Presenter:ShellDate:1st,April,A,2,Questionswithwhyareoftenaskedandanswered.,Why?,A,3,Definition,Wordsandphrases,Organizeparagraph,relationship,CauseandEffect,A,4,Causetherefore,Sallyclosedthewindow.Theweatherwascold.Therefore,Sallyputonhercoat.Theweatherwascold.Consequently,Sallyputonherscarf.Ablizzardhitthetown.Asaresult,theschoolswereclosed.Since,because置于表示原因的句子前，句后用逗号.Becausetheweatheroutsidewascold,Sallyclosedthewindow.so前面的句子后加逗号Theweatherwaswarm,soJimturnedontheairconditioner.,A,7,Therearetwowaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffect,Tostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses,Tostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects,Example:whatarethereasonsfortheincreasingrateofcaraccidents?,Example:whataretheresultsofAmericanpopulationgettingolder?,A,8,Accordingtoofficialstatistics,morethan10,000peopleinthecountrywerekilledincaraccidentslastyear.Theincreasingrateofcaraccidentscanbeattributedtothreegeneralcauses.Mechanicalproblemsofcars,suchasfaultybrakes,baldtires,andflattires,contributetothehighrateofcaraccidents.Environmentalproblems,suchasblindcorners,narrowstreets,heavyfog,slipperyroadscauseasignificantnumberofdisasters.Sucherrorsofhumanproblemsasexcessivespeedanddrunkendrivingareconsideredthemajorfactorofthefatalaccidents.Ifdrivershadbeencareful,manyneedlessslaughtersincaraccidentscouldhavebeenavoided.,Thetopicsentenceindicatesthattheparagraphfocusesonthecauses.,A,9,ArecentcensusreportedthattheAmericanpopulationisrapidlygettingolder.Theagingofthenationwillbringaboutseriouseffects.Themostobviouseffectisperhapsaneconomicone:howwillthecountrybearthecostofcaringfortoomanyoldpeople?Theoldareconsiderablymoreexpensivetomaintain.Theynowlivemainlyathomeandneedmoreservices,andmedicalcostsatpresentarealmosttwicethebillforpeopleunder65.Tosupporttheold,thesocial-securitysystemalreadypaysmorethanitreceives,andwithinamatteroffouryears,itwillnotbeabletohelptheretired.Then,tokeepthesystemgoing,workingAmericanswillsimplyhavetoworkharderandreceivelesspay.,Effect1:takingcareoftheoldcostingmoremoney,Effect2:thesocialsecuritysystemlosingmoney,Effect3:workingAmericansworkingharderbutgettinglesspay,A,10,Fourpatternsofcause-effectrelationship,Single-cause-single-effectpatternSingle-cause-many-effectspatternMany-causes-single-effectpatternCausalchainpattern,A,11,cause,effect,cause1,cause2,cause3,effect1,effect2,effect3,A,12,Whatisthecauseofairpollution?,Whatstheeffectsofsmoking?,A,13,Exhaustgasfromcars,Uncontrolledfactorygasses,Burningoflowqualitycoal,Airpollution,A,14,Smoking,Doharmtopeopleshealth,Oftencausefires,Wastemoney,A,15,CasualChain,A,16,Jimsfatherhasabadtemper,andheoftenbeatsJimsmotherandthekids.(familyviolence),JimsmotherleavesJimsfather,takingthechildrenwithher.,A,17,WithonlyJimsmothersincome,thefamilyhaslessmoney,sothefamilyexperiencesfinancialproblems.,Jimsmothermovesinwithherboyfriendtohelpthefamilyfinances.,A,18,Jimfeelsunwantedinhisnewhomeandrunsaway.,ahomelesschild,A,19,cause,effect(cause),effect(cause),effect(cause),effect,CasualChain,themostimmediateeffect,A,20,Howtowrite,Practice,Sample-Itshouldalsoindicatewhetherthefocusoftheparagraphisonthecauseortheeffect.,IfyoustaywithTomforaday,youwillknowwhyheisgainingweight.(cause)2.AlthoughtheAmericanCivilWarturnedmanybrothersandsistersintoenemies,itsolvedsomebigpoliticalandeconomicproblemsofthecountry.(effect)3.Alackofessentialvitaminscanresultinseriousillness.(effect)4.TherearethreereasonswhyIwanttostayinasmalltown.(cause),A,24,Topicsentence:Iplaytabletennisforthreereasons.I.Sub-topicsentence:Itseasyfun.1.Haveknowntherulesforalongtime;2.Notdangerous.II.Sub-topicsentence:Itrelaxesme.1.Enjoyplayingwithfriends;